BMS100: Microbiology - Test 1
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT included in the organisms and biological entities studied by microbiologists?

  • Protozoa
  • Plants (correct)
  • Bacteria
  • Viruses

    • Which of the following is a key characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

  • They have linear chromosomes
  • They undergo asexual reproduction (correct)
  • They have a nucleus
  • They have membrane-bound organelles

    • What is the primary component of the cell wall of bacteria?

  • Chitin
  • Cellulose
  • Peptidoglycan (correct)
  • Lipids

    • Which group of organisms are often found in extreme environments?

    <p>Methanogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of microorganisms have a non-peptidoglycan cell wall?

    <p>Methanogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of microorganisms have ribosomal structures that are closer to eukaryotes?

    <p>Methanogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of microorganisms is associated with extreme halophiles?

    <p>Algae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist introduced the antiseptic technique and disinfection into surgical theatres?

    <p>Joseph Lister</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who successfully correlated cholera propagation with poor water sanitation?

    <p>John Snow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist observed that women giving birth where medical students trained died from puerperal fever more than women birthing at home?

    <p>Ignaz Semmelweis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Jenner inject into an 8-year-old boy to protect him from smallpox?

    <p>Pus from a milkmaid's cowpox blisters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following microscopes uses a dark-field stop to create a bright image of the specimen against a dark background?

    <p>Dark-field microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of microscopy technique is used to create z stacks?

    <p>Confocal scanning laser microscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fluorochrome is often attached to DNA probes or antibodies that bind specific cellular components?

    <p>Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best resolution of a transmission electron microscope?

    <p>0.2 nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to measure population size for large populations by diluting the inoculum on the surface of an agar plate?

    <p>Serial dilutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to measure population size for small populations by transferring a membrane filter to a culture medium?

    <p>Membrane filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to measure population size indirectly for large populations by measuring the cloudiness of a culture?

    <p>Turbidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an environmental factor affecting microbial growth?

    <p>All are factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a grouping based on oxygen requirements of microorganisms?

    <p>All of the below</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of complex media?

    <p>Difficult to prepare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of selective media?

    <p>Contain substances that either favor the growth of particular microorganisms or inhibit the growth of unwanted ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a clinical sampling method for identifying microorganisms?

    <p>All are methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key requirement for obtaining a pure culture?

    <p>High degree of aseptic technique and sterilized equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the microbial growth curve is characterized by the maximum rate of cell growth and no limitations to nutrients?

    <p>Exponential phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why most cells do not reproduce immediately during the lag phase of the microbial growth curve, even in a nutrient-rich environment?

    <p>Need to acquire correct proteins and enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the death phase of the microbial growth curve?

    <p>Nutrients are depleted and wastes accumulate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacterial cell structures is responsible for replication?

    <p>Origin of replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of reproduction in bacteria?

    <p>Binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial morphology appears as a spiral shape under a microscope?

    <p>Spirochete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which staining technique is considered the decolourizing agent in the gram stain?

    <p>Ethanol and acetone solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the cell wall of bacteria?

    <p>Peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of fimbriae in bacterial cells?

    <p>Attachment to other bacteria or cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which staining technique is used to identify acid-fast bacteria?

    <p>Ziehl-Neelsen staining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of bacterial cytosol?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two groups of bacteria are known to form endospores?

    <p>Bacillus and Clostridium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of media is used to enhance the growth of certain species and allows for their differentiation based on variations in appearance?

    <p>MacConkey Agar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a streak plate?

    <p>To isolate organisms from a mixed population into a pure culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial morphology appears as a curved rod-shaped under a microscope?

    <p>Vibrio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of reproduction in bacteria?

    <p>Binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of microorganisms can tolerate high temperatures, including temperatures above boiling point?

    <p>Hyperthermophiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cardinal temperature for microbial growth?

    <p>Critical growth temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of microorganisms require oxygen levels of 2% to 10% for growth?

    <p>Microaerophiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of media contains substances that favor the growth of a particular microorganism or inhibit the growth of unwanted ones?

    <p>Selective media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of glycocalyces in bacterial cells?

    <p>Regulation of cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct order of steps in binary fission?

    <p>Chromosome replication begins, replication continues, replication finishes, two daughter cells result</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of motion exhibited by flagellated bacteria?

    <p>Swim</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of gram-negative cell walls?

    <p>Thick peptidoglycan cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of microorganisms is often found in extreme environments and is characterized by a non-peptidoglycan cell wall?

    <p>Archaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of microorganisms is characterized by multicellularity, a chitin cell wall, and the ability to secrete enzymes outside of their cells to digest and absorb nutrients?

    <p>Fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of microorganisms is characterized by being single-celled eukaryotes with animal-like digestion and often sorted by their mode of motility?

    <p>Protozoa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist is credited with coining the term 'cell' and proposing that cells are the fundamental unit of life?

    <p>Robert Hooke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which taxonomic level is the most inclusive?

    <p>Kingdom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who introduced the antiseptic technique and disinfection into surgical theatres?

    <p>Joseph Lister</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist first reported the existence of most types of microorganisms?

    <p>Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two major branches of microbiology emerged as a result of John Snow's study on cholera propagation?

    <p>Infection Control and Epidemiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the original method of vaccination before Jenner's vaccine?

    <p>Variolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of microscopy technique uses polarized light and prisms to split the wavelength into two slightly different paths, creating enhanced contrast and 3D images?

    <p>Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) Microscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist is credited with coining the term 'cell' and proposing that cells are the fundamental unit of life?

    <p>Robert Hooke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the cell wall of bacteria?

    <p>Carbohydrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a streak plate?

    <p>To isolate pure cultures of microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of microorganisms is characterized by a chitin cell wall and can be either multicellular or unicellular?

    <p>Fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Eukaryotic cells have linear chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of Archaeans that differentiates them from bacteria?

    <p>Ribosomal structure closer to eukaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of epidemiology?

    <p>To study the spread of diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of vaccination?

    <p>Rubbing smallpox scabs in scratch/incision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of refractive index in microscopy?

    <p>It determines the resolution and clarity of the image</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of microscopy technique uses polarized light and prisms to split the wavelength into two slightly different paths, creating enhanced contrast and 3D images?

    <p>Differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a confocal scanning laser microscope? How does it work?

    <p>To enhance resolution in microscopy; it uses a laser to scan the specimen and create a 3D image</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a Z stack? What can it be used to generate?

    <p>A stack of focal planes; it can be used to generate a 3D image</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Archaeans have a peptidoglycan cell wall?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Algal blooms are rapid increases in the population of bacteria in aquatic environments?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Semmelweis' experiments demonstrated that hand-washing with chlorinated lime water decreased mortality from puerperal fever.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lister introduced antiseptic techniques and disinfection into surgical theaters.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nightingale introduced antiseptic techniques into nursing practices and conducted detailed statistical studies linking poor food and unsanitation in hospitals to soldier deaths.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Jenner's experiment involved inoculating a young boy with cowpox followed by inoculation with smallpox, resulting in the boy not developing smallpox.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Fluorescent microscopy uses a mercury lamp to transmit long wavelengths and emit visible light when exposed to certain wavelengths?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Confocal scanning laser microscopy allows for the creation of 3D images by taking multiple pictures of different focal planes of the same object?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Gram-negative bacteria have thicker cell walls than gram-positive bacteria?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Electron microscopy has higher resolution than light microscopy?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Linnaean taxonomy is a hierarchical classification system for plants and animals based on species, family, order, class, phylum, and kingdom?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Louis Pasteur's experiments disproved the concept of spontaneous generation and supported the principle of biogenesis?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The scientific method consists of steps such as observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, data collection, analysis, and conclusion?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Pasteurization is a heat treatment process developed by Louis Pasteur to deactivate harmful microorganisms in liquids and food?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacterial cell structures is responsible for replication?

    <p>Chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of budding?

    <p>To create an outgrowth that eventually splits off</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following arrangements of cocci bacteria is characterized by cells dividing in multiple planes and forming cuboidal packets?

    <p>Sarcinae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using a carbon utilization tube in microbiology?

    <p>To differentiate bacteria based on their carbon utilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to isolate organisms from a mixed population into a pure culture?

    <p>Streak plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can turbidity be used to estimate bacterial population size?

    <p>Turbidity is directly proportional to bacterial population size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of gram-negative cell walls?

    <p>One membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of Archaeans that differentiates them from bacteria?

    <p>Tolerance to extreme temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two major groups of bacteria that produce endospores?

    <p>Bacillus and Clostridium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacterial arrangements is characterized by division into groups of eight cells forming a cubic structure with three perpendicular planes?

    <p>Sarcinae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key polysaccharide that makes up bacterial cell walls?

    <p>Peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of fimbriae in bacterial cells?

    <p>To adhere to structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct structure of a bacterial flagellum?

    <p>Long thin filament with rings of protein embedded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Spores are specialized dormant structures that protect genetic material until conditions are more favorable.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Diplococci divide and remain attached in chains perpendicular to the long axis of the pair.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Streptococci divide and remain attached in chains perpendicular to the long axis of the chain.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Tetrads divide into groups of eight cells, forming a cubic structure with three perpendicular planes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Staphylococci divide and remain attached in irregular, grape-like clusters with a specific orientation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Blood agar is a selective media.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: MacConkey Agar is both selective and differential.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Streak plate method is used to isolate organisms from a mixed population into a pure culture.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Turbidity can be used to estimate bacterial population size.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Lag phase cells reproduce immediately in a nutrient-rich environment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Stationary phase is characterized by an increase in the rate of reproduction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Catalase-positive microorganisms release oxygen gas when exposed to hydrogen peroxide.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Psychrophiles and psychrotolerants thrive at temperatures above 35 degrees Celsius.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Gram-negative bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan layer compared to Gram-positives.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Gram-negative bacteria have more NAG-NAM polysaccharides in their peptidoglycan layer compared to Gram-positives.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Gram-negative bacteria have longer tetrapeptide cross bridges in their peptidoglycan layer compared to Gram-positives.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Gram-negative bacteria have an outer membrane outside the peptidoglycan layer.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Variolation was the original method of ______

    <p>vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ability of a lens to separate or distinguish between small objects that are close together is called ______

    <p>resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fluorescence microscopy uses a mercury lamp that transmits long wavelengths and emits visible light when exposed to certain wavelengths. This requires ______ to stain the specimen.

    <p>fluorochromes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Immersion oil is a type of oil used in microscopy to improve ______

    <p>resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Florence Nightingale introduced antiseptic techniques into ______ practices

    <p>nursing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fransisco Redi tested the theory of spontaneous generation using a closed container with ______ meat

    <p>flank</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pasteurization is a heat treatment process developed by Louis Pasteur to deactivate harmful microorganisms in ______ and food

    <p>liquids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Archaea have a non-______ cell wall, which is more protein-based rather than carbohydrate-based.

    <p>peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fungi are ____________, meaning they need to ingest their food and secrete enzymes outside to digest and absorb nutrients.

    <p>absorptive hetertrophs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Psychrophiles and psychrotolerants can live below freezing; their growth temperature range is ________ degrees Celsius.

    <p>below 35</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mesophiles and thermophiles have a mid-range growth temperature; mesophiles temperature range is ________ degrees Celsius.

    <p>15-45</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyperthermophiles can live above boiling temperature; their growth temperature range is ________ degrees Celsius.

    <p>above 65</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aerobic bacteria only survive when ________ is present; it is the final electron acceptor at the end of their catabolism.

    <p>oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    MacConkey Agar contains ______, natural antimicrobial agents that inhibit the growth of Gram-positive bacteria by disrupting their cell membranes, making them more selective for Gram-negative bacteria.

    <p>bile salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Crystal violet is another selective agent that further ______ the growth of Gram-positive bacteria on MacConkey Agar.

    <p>inhibits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A ______ plate is used to isolate organisms from a mixed population into a pure culture.

    <p>streak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a pure culture, all microbes come from a single progenitor cell or isolated colony, making all cells genetically ______.

    <p>identical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Binary fission is the process of splitting the cell into ____; only have one chromosome (no mitosis)

    <p>two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Spores of Actinomycetes are chains with spores at the end of filaments; each spore will break off and give rise to new ____

    <p>filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fimbriae are rod-like extensions that bacteria use to adhere to structures; they are important for pathogens to adhere to ____

    <p>hosts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pili are a specialized type of fimbriae that most bacteria have; they are used to connect cells to pass ____

    <p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peptidoglycan is a polysaccharide composed of ______ N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) units (NAG-NAM polysaccharide repeats)

    <p>repeating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique is used to identify ______ bacteria, which stain pink/red, while non-______ bacteria stain blue

    <p>acid-fast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ formed by Bacillus and Clostridium, are an alternate life cycle for bacterial cells in harsh environments where they go into a hibernation state

    <p>endospores</p> Signup and view all the answers

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