BMS100: Biochemistry - Test 1

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for Reaction 1 in glycolysis?

Which phase of glycolysis is responsible for generating ATP?

Which of the following is true about the reaction catalyzed by Phosphoglucose isomerase?

Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of pyruvate to lactate under anaerobic conditions?

Which of the following is NOT a glucogenic amino acid?

Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)?

What is the cellular location of pyruvate carboxylase?

Which of the following is the rate-limiting and committing step of glycolysis?

Which phase of glycolysis is responsible for the production of ATP?

Which of the following is an irreversible reaction in glycolysis?

Which shuttle system is used when the starting substrate is alanine or any other glucogenic amino acid?

What is the final product of the lactate shuttle system in gluconeogenesis?

Which molecule can enter gluconeogenesis by being converted to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)?

What is the net yield of ATP molecules from the metabolism of one molecule of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate in simple fermentations?

Under hypoxic (low-oxygen) conditions, why does anaerobic respiration have a greater flux through the pathway compared to aerobic respiration?

Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate in the preparatory phase of glycolysis?

Which molecule is formed from the rearrangement of glucose 6-phosphate in the preparatory phase of glycolysis?

Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-diphosphate in glycolysis?

Which of the following is the correct overall reaction for glycolysis?

Which of the following is NOT a high-energy molecule produced during glycolysis?

Which atom can form the most covalent bonds?

What is the maximum number of covalent bonds that oxygen can form?

How many covalent bonds can nitrogen form?

Which functional group can be cleaved from molecules such as ATP to provide energy?

What is the general formula for monosaccharides?

What type of functional group is found at the end of fatty acid chains?

Which type of nucleic acid can form nucleotides via a phosphodiester bond?

Which type of bond involves the sharing of outer shell electrons between atoms?

What determines if a covalent bond is polar or non-polar?

Which type of bond involves dipole-dipole interactions between a (+)δ H on one molecule and a (-)δ O (or N or sometimes S) on a neighboring molecule?

What is the term for the exclusion of non-polar substances from water?

______ can make 4 covalent bonds by sharing its 4 outer shell electrons and accommodating 4 shared electrons in its outer shell.

______ can make 1 covalent bond by sharing its outer shell electron and accommodating one shared electron in its outer shell.

______ has more room than oxygen for making covalent bonds, as electrons have more space in the third shell.

Covalent bonds involve sharing of outer shell ______

Non-covalent bonds: Hydrophobic interactions, Exclusion of ______ substances from water

Monosaccharides can exist as ______ molecules or be converted into cyclic molecules

Fatty acids are hydrocarbon chains, with what type of functional group on the end?

Amino acids can form ______ bonds to be incorporated into proteins

Glucokinase is responsible for the phosphorylation of glucose. The phosphate donor is:

Both glucokinase and hexokinase have

If pyruvate kinase is blocked _______ builds up in the cell

DHAP --> G3P is catalyzed by:

PFK-1 is inhibited by:

When an enzyme reaches Km _____

Pyruvate kinase is activated by covalent modification

Both pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase require thiamin pyrophosphate as a coenzyme

What are the three types of Van Der Waals forces?

Salt bridges are ionic bonds between ________

Carbon can make ______ covalent bonds by sharing its 4 outer shell electrons and accommodating 4 shared electrons in its outer shell.

Hydrogen can make ______ covalent bond by sharing its outer shell electron and accommodating one shared electron in its outer shell.

Oxygen has ______ electron in its outer shell.

Phosphoryl group is important as a group that can be cleaved from molecules such as ATP to provide ______.

Monosaccharides can exist as ______ molecules or be converted into cyclic molecules.

Fatty acids are hydrocarbon chains, with what type of ______ on the end?

Amino acids can form ______ bonds to be incorporated into proteins.

Covalent bonds involve sharing of outer shell ______

Which type of bond involves dipole-dipole interactions between a (+)δ H on one molecule and a (-)δ O (or N or sometimes S) on a neighboring molecule?

Non-covalent bonds: Hydrophobic interactions, Exclusion of ______ substances from water

Which enzyme class is responsible for the condensation reaction?

What type of reaction does a hydrolase enzyme catalyze?

Which enzyme class is responsible for the isomerization reaction?

Which of the following enzyme classifications is responsible for catalyzing redox reactions?

What defines a redox reaction?

Which molecule is oxidized to make oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle (CAC)?

Which type of enzyme catalyzes the reaction that removes atoms in a molecule to create a double bond?

What is the specific enzyme that catalyzes the addition of one molecule to another, commonly across a 2X (or 3X) carbon bond?

Which type of enzyme catalyzes the reaction that joins two molecules, creating a new C-C bond?

What is the enzyme class for the reaction that interconverts the groups around an asymmetric carbon in a molecule that only has one asymmetric carbon?

Which of the following is true about nucleophilic substitution reactions?

Which of the following is true about the pH scale?

What is the dissociation constant (Kw) of water?

What is the equation for pH?

What is the ratio of bicarbonate ion ($HCO3^-$) to carbonic acid ($H2CO3$) in the blood at pH 7.4?

Why does the blood pH increase during hyperventilation?

According to the text, when added to water, NaOH completely ionizes into Na+ and OH-. If the concentration of NaOH is 0.01M, what would be the pH?

Water has a melting point of 0⁰C and a boiling point of 100⁰C.

Hydrogen bonds between water molecules are stronger than covalent bonds.

The pH range for cell survival is between 7.8 and 8.2.

The bicarbonate buffer system is effective because the ratio of bicarbonate ion ($HCO3^-$) to carbonic acid ($H2CO3$) in the blood at pH 7.4 is 20:1.

Hyperventilation leads to an increase in blood pH.

When the pH falls below 6.8, cells die.

True or false: Acetic acid can act as a buffer and its properties can be described by the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation?

True or false: The Henderson-Hasselbach equation calculates the pH of a solution given the pKa of a weak acid or base and the concentration of the protonated or deprotonated forms?

True or false: At a pH of 3.74 for acetic acid, the ratio of salt/acid is 1:10?

True or false: The phosphate buffer system is present inside cells and acts as a buffer, and it buffers best in the pH range of 6.9-7.4?

What is the name of the bond between two monosaccharides?

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

Which of the following can be classified as lyases?

NADH/NAD+ are derivatives of ________

Which of the following cannot feed into BOTH anabolic and catabolic reactions?

Glycolysis, beta oxidation and lipolysis are catabolic reactions

Acetyl CoA, NADH and FADH2 are all molecules that are produced during beta oxidation and can feed into the production of ATP

Hydration is the ________ of water

Hydrolysis is the _________of a compound because of a reaction with water

Hydratase is a __________ enzyme that catalyses hydration of C-O bonds

Hydrolase enzyme helps ______ substrates with water

Dehydration is the ________ of water from a bond

Dehydratase is a _________ enzyme that catalyses dehydration/elimination reactions

Dehydrogenase is a type of _________ enzyme that catalyses the removal of H+ atoms

What acts as intracellular and plasma buffers?

What is the role of a buffer?

At what pH does phosphate buffer best inside cells?

What is the most effective extracellular buffer?

The _________ the pKa value, the stronger the acid and therefore greater ability to donate protons

When we hyperventilate we eliminate more CO2 than is produced, resulting in an ________ in blood pH

When pH falls below 6.8 enzymes would be ________ and cells would die

If you don’t need your fatty acids for energy, how do you store them for later retrieval and use?

During glycolysis under aerobic conditions, pyruvate enters the ________ where it under goes ____________

What happens during glycolysis under aerobic conditions?

ATP is an example of indirect energy

NADH and FADH2 is an example of indirect energy

What catabolic pathways occur in the mitochondria?

What organ is the main site of gluconeogenesis?

The cytosol has access to oxygen

Which process breaks down glycogen into glucose?

Is glycogenesis anabolic or catabolic?

During beta-oxidation, what are the fats being broken down into?

During beta-oxidation, what type of energy is produced? What happens to this molecule if you want more energy?

What is the process called that releases fatty acids from triglycerides?

The liver can make ketone bodies from , during the process of_

What tissues can use ketone bodies as energy when glucose is not available?

The breakdown of ketone bodies to release acetyl CoA is called __________

Any cycle that can lead to the production of acetyl-CoA can feed into _______ cycle to make more energy

What three catabolic pathways can feed into CAC?

Where does ETC take place?

What steps of glycolysis are irreversible?

Is gluconeogenesis anabolic or catabolic?

Gluconeogenesis begins in which part of the cell?

What are the precursors of gluconeogenesis?

Lactate can enter gluconeogenesis by being converted back to ___________, in the ________cycle in the __________stream, in the _________of the cell

Gluconeogenic amino acids that are particular important are:

Citric acid cycle intermediates are eventually converted into __________to serve as substrates for gluconeogenesis

Oxaloacetate requires ______ systems to cross the inner mitochondrial membrane to get back into the cytosol to feed into gluconeogenesis

The substrate of glucogenic amino acid uses the _____ shuttle to cross the mitochondrial membrane and enter the cytosol

Gluconeogenic amino acids that are particularly important are:

Glucogenic amino acids can either be converted directly into _____ or into a citric acid cycle ____

Citric acid cycle intermediates are eventually converted into ______ to serve as substrates for GNG

Oxaloacetate requires _____ systems to cross the inner mitochondrial membrane to get back into the cytosol to feed into GNG

The substrate of glucogenic amino acid uses the _____ shuttle to cross the mitochondrial membrane and enter the cytosol

n the malate shuttle, oxaloacetate is converted to ____, and this crosses the inner mitochondrial membrane with the help of an ____, then enters the cytosol

In gluconeogenesis, once in the cytosol, malate is converted back to _____

Once in the cytosol, oxaloacetate is then converted to ______ to continue GNG

Name the rare disorders associated with improper functioning of gluconeogenesis

When using glycerol for gluconeogenesis, glycerol is first converted to G3P by __________ and then converted to _________ by glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Converting glycerol to DHAP uses ______ and _______

The two enzymes involved in converting glycerol to DHAP are _______ and ______

Gluconeogenic amino acids include all but _______ and _________. The main ones are ________ and __________

Alanine can be converted into ______ by the enzyme ___________

The enzyme ALT used in converting alanine to pyruvate requires the coenzyme ____________ which is derived from _______

Are amino acids clean burning fuels? Why or why not?

How is ammonia excreted in the body?

The urea cycle helps to maintain __________ levels within the body

The urea cycle begins in the __________

Define PKU and the dietary implications it has

PKU is caused by the deficiency of the enzyme_______ which causes a build up of the amino acid _______

What are two indirect ways nitrogen can be incorporated into amino acids?

Elevated levels of transaminases in the blood can indicate ____________ damage

Transamidation is similar to transamination, except the N comes from an ____ instead of an amino

Folic acid deficiency can lead to which conditions?

Folate can be stored in the body as its methylated form as___________

Supplementing with folic acid as a cancer patient is not recommended

Decarboxylation of histidine uses vitamin B3 as its vitamin coenzyme

The protein ______ can be used to restart the urea cycle

Ammonia can be formed in the _____ and travels from there through the portal vein to the liver to begin the __________

The body is able to store amino acids in reserves

The urea cycle connects to the citric acid cycle via __________

Oxaloacetate can undergo transamination via __________ to make asparatate

Arginase is only found in ________ tissue

Once amino group has been removed from amino acids, the remaining carbon skeleton becomes ______ and ______-

___________ refers to the indirect process of incorporating nitrogen into an amino acid involving the transfer of amino group from amino acid to ____________

In transamination, alanine ---> ________

In transamination, asparatate ----> ______

In transamination, glutamate ---> ________

Transamination can require the coenzyme PLP derived from _______ vs. direct incorporation can require the coenzyme niacin from ____________

The two main deamination pathways include ___________ and ________________

The urea cycle occurs in the _____