154 Questions
Which cells of the nervous system support neurons within the central nervous system?
Astrocytes
Which organ system secretes hormones that impact metabolism, activity, and growth of most organs/systems?
Endocrine
Which organ system processes food and removes undigested wastes?
Digestive
Which organ system produces gametes and supports embryo/fetus?
Reproductive
Smooth muscle is found in almost every region of the body. Which of the following statements about smooth muscle is true?
Smooth muscle is involuntary and found in a wide variety of organs.
Which of the following is NOT an example of connective tissue?
Muscle
Which type of muscle tissue is responsible for movement in the musculoskeletal system?
Skeletal muscle
Which of the following is NOT a possible physical exam finding in a patient with anemia?
Yellowing of the skin
What is the explanation for an increased heart rate in a patient with anemia?
Decreased red blood cell count
How are physical exam findings in a patient with anemia best understood and explained?
At the molecular, cellular, or tissue level
Which tissue type is found in almost every region of the body?
Connective
Which of the following physical exam findings is NOT directly related to a decrease in red blood cell count in a patient with anemia?
Rapid respiratory rate
Which of the following is the best explanation for the yellowing of the sclera or skin in a patient with anemia due to destruction of red blood cells?
Breakdown products of RBCs
Which cells of the nervous system myelinate axons in the peripheral nervous system?
Schwann cells
Which organ system is responsible for protection from microbes?
Immune system
What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?
Delivery of nutrients and oxygen to tissues
What is the additional function of the endocrine system?
Control of the endocrine system
The physical exam is the primary focus of Clinical Physiology.
False
There are four major tissue types in the body.
True
Epithelial tissue is found in limited regions of the body.
False
Smooth muscle is only found in blood vessels.
False
Epithelial tissue functions include protection from physical, thermal, and chemical factors.
True
Connective tissue membranes always have an epithelial lining.
False
Bone and cartilage are considered connective tissue proper.
False
True or false: Most disease is primarily caused by dysfunction at the macroscopic level.
False
True or false: Physical exam findings can directly detect a decrease in red blood cell count in a patient with anemia.
False
True or false: Findings across different organ systems can help establish a diagnosis or suggest further confirmatory tests.
True
True or false: Neurons receive stimuli from dendrites and integrate them in the cell body.
True
True or false: Astrocytes support neurons within the peripheral nervous system.
False
True or false: The heart is part of the cardiovascular system.
True
True or false: The primary function of the endocrine system is to secrete hormones that impact metabolism, activity, and growth of most organs/systems.
True
Which of the following is NOT a function of epithelial tissue?
Contractility
True or false: Most disease is primarily caused by dysfunction at the macroscopic level.
False
Which of the following is NOT a possible physical exam finding in a patient with anemia?
Elevated blood pressure
Which of the following is considered a normal respiratory rate at rest in adults?
15 breaths/min
What is the normal diastolic blood pressure at rest in adults?
90 mm Hg
What is the normal heart rate at rest in adults?
60 beats/min
Which type of tissue is responsible for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes between blood and tissues?
Epithelial tissue
Which of the following is responsible for conducting blood away from the heart and modifying blood flow based on overall blood pressure and tissue needs?
Arteries
Which of the following is NOT a function of the cardiovascular system?
Exchange of gases
Which organ system is responsible for protecting the body from physical, thermal, and chemical factors?
Integumentary system
According to Poiseuille's Law, which of the following factors has the greatest impact on resistance to flow through a tube?
Radius of the tube
According to Fick's Law, which of the following factors increases the rate of diffusion?
Constant (K)
Which of the following statements about flow is true?
Flow decreases when length increases
Which of the following statements about diffusion is true?
Diffusion decreases when thickness of the membrane decreases
According to Ohm's Law, which of the following factors does NOT affect the current across a membrane?
Difference in concentration of charges across the membrane
Which equation represents Nernst Potential?
$Ep = Zp \cdot \frac{[P]I},{[P]o}$
Which of the following is NOT included in the Goldman Field Equation?
Flow (current) and resistance
Which of the following is NOT a function of living cells' membrane potential?
Generation of electric fields
What does Poiseuille's Law describe?
describes the flow of a viscous fluid through a tube
When does diffusion increased in Fick's law?
when k (permeability), concentration (Ca-Cb) or surface area (A) INCREASES
When does diffusion decrease in Fick's law?
when T (thickness) – increases
What does Ohm's law define?
defines the movement of dissolved, charged particles across a barrier = rate of flow of charges across a membrane = current
______ is the energy generated by separating charges across the cell membrane
_______ current is the number of charges or charged particles that move across the membrane per unit time
In Ohm's law, current increased when ________increases
In Ohm's law, current decreased when _______ increases
Which of the following is a negative regulatory element that inhibits gene expression?
Silencers
What is the role of enhancers in gene expression?
They increase the rate of transcription
Which protein recognizes and binds the consensus sequence in the promoter region?
TFII
Which of the following is NOT a type of nitrogenous base in DNA?
Uracil
What is the role of magnesium in stabilizing the DNA double helix?
Helps stabilize the sugar-phosphate backbone
What is the main difference between DNA and RNA?
DNA has a ribose sugar, while RNA has a deoxyribose sugar
Which of the following is the correct order of the 4 stages of transcription?
Initiation, Elongation, Termination, Processing
Which type of RNA is involved in the spliceosome and functions in removing introns from pre-mRNA?
snRNA
Which region of the tRNA molecule binds to the amino acid corresponding to the anticodon?
Amino acid binding site
Which of the following is NOT a type of non-coding RNA involved in gene regulation?
mRNA
Which of the following can regulate the amount of a particular protein available to a cell?
Stability of mRNA transcript
Which of the following complexes carries out histone modifications?
Chromatin writer complexes
Which of the following histone modifications tends to open chromatin and increase transcription?
Histone acetylation
Which of the following is responsible for targeting a protein to its intracellular location?
Signal peptide sequence
Which of the following is NOT a step in transcription initiation in eukaryotes?
Elongation factors help reduce likelihood of RNA polymerase dissociating before reaching the end
Which of the following is NOT a function of the poly-A tail in mRNA processing in eukaryotes?
Allows same gene to produce a variety of different proteins
Which of the following is NOT a step in translation initiation?
Peptide bond formation between amino acids
Which of the following is NOT a function of elongation factors in translation?
Catalyze peptide bond formation
Which type of cell membrane receptor opens ion channels after binding a ligand (1st messenger), resulting in depolarization or hyperpolarization?
Ion-channel-coupled receptor
What is the function of G-protein coupled receptors?
To modify the activity of an enzyme
Which type of G-protein coupled receptor uses cAMP as a second messenger and activates protein kinase A (PK A)?
Gs GPCR
Which type of G-protein coupled receptor uses Ca2+, IP3, and DAG as second messenger systems?
Gq GPCR
Which of the following is a key mediator that relaxes smooth muscle in blood vessels and visceral organs?
NO synthase
Which of the following is a second messenger that can diffuse across cell membranes and activate protein kinase?
cGMP
Which of the following is an enzyme that attaches an additional phosphate to membrane lipid PIP2 to form PIP3?
PI3K
Which of the following is an effector that influences intracellular targets and is activated by PDK1 through phosphorylation?
Akt
Which of the following is NOT a function of receptors in the cell membrane?
Act as a source of 2nd messengers
What is the main purpose of signal termination in intracellular signaling?
Negative feedback
Which step is NOT involved in the activation of intracellular signaling?
Activation of an effector protein
Which of the following is NOT a major tissue type in the body?
Muscular
Which type of epithelial tissue is thin and allows for easy diffusion?
Simple squamous
Which type of tissue membrane does NOT have an epithelial lining?
Connective
Which of the following is the normal range for respiratory rate at rest in adults?
12-20 breaths/min
Which of the following structures separates the left and right ventricles?
Interventricular septum
Which of the following valves prevents backflow of blood between the atria and ventricles?
Atrioventricular valves
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events during the cardiac cycle?
Left atrium fills, left ventricle contracts, aortic valve opens, left ventricle fills
Which type of tissue is responsible for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes between blood and tissues?
Epithelial tissue
Which of the following is NOT a function of the cardiovascular system?
Producing hormones
What is the main purpose of signal termination in intracellular signaling?
To terminate the signal cascade
Which of the following is NOT a possible physical exam finding in a patient with anemia?
Elevated blood pressure
Which of the following is responsible for delivering low-O2, high-CO2 blood to the right heart?
Pulmonary veins
Which vessels allow tissues to extract O2 from and deliver CO2 to blood?
Capillaries
Which side of the heart applies high pressure to high-O2, low-CO2 blood?
Left heart
Which of the following is responsible for delivering high-O2, low-CO2 blood to the left heart?
Pulmonary veins
Which of the following is the correct equation for calculating flow in the cardiovascular system?
Flow = volume of fluid that passes through a tube over a unit of time
What is the equation for calculating cardiac output?
CO = SV x HR
What is the main function of arterioles in the cardiovascular system?
To feed capillary tissue beds and modify flow to each bed
What is the purpose of the elastic fibres in the smooth muscular wall of elastic arteries?
To maintain overall arterial blood pressure during ventricular diastole
Which of the following is NOT a function of the venous system?
Assessing the venous system in Clinical Physiology
Which of the following is NOT a major baroreceptor location?
Peripheral gas sensors
What is the normal range for heart rates in adults at rest?
Between 60 and 100 beats/min
What is considered a healthy blood pressure at rest?
Less than 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic
Which of the following lipid components is NOT a structural component of the cell membrane?
Glycolipids
Which of the following best describes the function of the Na+/K+ ATPase?
Maintains cellular integrity
Which of the following is NOT a function of the cytoskeleton?
Cellular signaling
Which protein monomers are responsible for forming microtubules?
Tubulin monomers
What is the process called when G-actin monomers form F-actin polymers?
Polymerization
Which factors can regulate the stability of F-actin?
All of the above
What is the function of microtubules in cellular organization?
To form a cellular scaffolding
Which of the following lipid components usually has an unbranched fatty acid 'tail' with 16-18 carbons?
Glycerophospholipids
Which of the following is true about cholesterol in the cell membrane?
It interferes with the interactions between the lipid tails when present in larger amounts.
Which of the following structures has a sphingosine backbone instead of a glycerol backbone?
Sphingolipids
Which of the following is NOT a function of the glycocalyx?
Contribution to the glycocalyx
Which of the following is NOT a function of membrane proteins in the cell?
Communication
Which type of junction separates cells into apical and basal compartments and is commonly involved in regulating movement across membranes?
Tight junctions
Which type of junction connects cells to extracellular structures and provides structural integrity for a wide range of cells and tissues?
Anchoring junctions
Which cytoskeletal structure is responsible for the overall structural integrity of the cell and is composed of various molecules such as keratins and desmin?
Intermediate filaments
Which of the following is NOT a function of microtubules in cells?
Confer stability and structure to cells
Which protein is responsible for the movement of cilia and flagella along microtubules?
Dynein
Which of the following is a type of intermediate filament found in neurons?
Neurofilament
What is the primary function of actin filaments in an epithelial cell?
Shape of microvilli
According to the text, which of the following is true about osmosis?
Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane
According to the text, what is the most-used model of osmosis discussed?
U-tube model with a semi-permeable membrane
According to the text, what is the main function of the Na+/K+ ATPase?
Establishes a gradient of sodium and potassium across the membrane
According to the text, what is the difference between active transport and passive transport?
Active transport requires energy, while passive transport does not
Which of the following structures is responsible for gas exchange in the lungs?
Alveoli
What is the main driving force for gas movement in the conducting zone of the respiratory system?
Pressure gradients
Which of the following regions is responsible for gas diffusion in the respiratory system?
Regions of respiration
Which of the following is a consequence of pulmonary disease that makes it difficult to hear breath sounds and causes dullness to percussion?
Consolidation
Which of the following is a consequence of pulmonary disease that is characterized by fine crackles and can occur due to pulmonary edema or certain types of COPD?
Fluid in small airways
Which of the following is a consequence of pulmonary disease that is characterized by a high-pitched, musical sound on expiration and is common in obstructive diseases such as asthma and COPD?
Wheeze
Which of the following is a consequence of pulmonary disease that is characterized by a louder, harsher sound on inspiration and sometimes on expiration, and occurs when the upper airways are obstructed?
Stridor
Which muscles contract during inspiration to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity?
External intercostals and diaphragm
What happens to the intrathoracic pressure during expiration?
It increases
What is the function of the pleural cavity?
To connect the chest wall to the alveoli
What can cause pleural effusion?
Cancer and infection
Which of the following is an example of an intracellular event that transforms an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal?
Activation of a receptor
What is the function of receptors in the cell membrane?
Detect extracellular signals
Which of the following is a possible reason for signal termination in intracellular signaling?
Inactivation of a receptor
Which type of cell membrane receptor opens ion channels after binding a ligand (1st messenger), potentially causing depolarization or hyperpolarization?
Ion-channel-coupled receptors
Which type of G-protein coupled receptor uses calcium, IP3, and DAG as second messenger systems?
Gq GPCR
Which subunit of a G-protein coupled receptor releases GDP and binds GTP when the receptor is stimulated?
Alpha (α) subunit
Which enzyme converts ATP to cAMP in the Gs GPCR signaling pathway?
Adenylyl cyclase
Which of the following is NOT a function of calmodulin in intracellular signaling?
Activation of phospholipase C
Which of the following is a characteristic of enzyme-coupled receptors?
They have intrinsic enzyme activity in their cytosolic domain
Which of the following is NOT a step in RTK (receptor tyrosine kinase) enzyme-coupled receptor signaling?
Ras cascade is activated
Which of the following is a characteristic of nitric oxide (NO) signaling?
NO binds and activates guanylyl cyclase (GC)
Study Notes
Overview of Body Systems and Functions
- The respiratory tract is protected by pseudostratified columnar epithelium and macrophages.
- Connective tissue has structural and protective functions, with stronger structures like bone and cartilage, and weaker structures like areolar and adipose tissue.
- Connective tissue proper is made up of cells and matrix, with cell types including fibroblasts, osteoblasts/osteocytes, chondroblasts, adipocytes, and mesenchymal cells.
- Muscle tissue includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle, each with different characteristics and functions.
- Nervous tissue consists of neurons, axons, and glial cells, which support and transmit signals in the nervous system.
- Physical exam findings can provide information about lower-level function and dysfunction, such as in the case of anemia.
- The body is composed of various organ systems, each with primary functions and additional functions.
- The heart is a two-phase pump that applies pressure to blood during systole and relaxes during diastole.
- The cardiovascular system includes systemic and pulmonary circulations, with arteries, capillaries, and veins involved in the transport of blood.
- The heart's main functions are to establish pressure gradients and send blood into the arteries every systole.
- Arteries and arterioles are responsible for conducting blood away from the heart and modifying blood flow based on overall blood pressure and tissue needs.
- Capillaries allow for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes between blood and tissues.
- Pressure sensors, gas sensors, and pH sensors in the body help regulate the cardiorespiratory apparatus and fluid movement.
Overview of Body Systems and Functions
- The respiratory tract is protected by pseudostratified columnar epithelium and macrophages.
- Connective tissue has structural and protective functions, with stronger structures including bone, cartilage, and dense regular and irregular tissue.
- Connective tissue also includes fluid connective tissue, such as red blood cells and platelets for oxygen and carbon dioxide transport, and lymph for immune cell transport.
- Connective tissue proper is one of the four main types of connective tissues in the body, consisting of cells and matrix.
- Muscle tissue includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles, each with different functions and characteristics.
- Nervous tissue includes neurons, axons, and glial cells, which support and transmit signals in the nervous system.
- Physical exam findings, such as increased heart rate and rapid respiratory rate, can indicate lower-level dysfunction in the body.
- The body is composed of various organ systems, each with primary functions and additional functions.
- The heart is a two-phase pump that applies pressure to blood during systole and ejects it into arteries.
- The heart's main functions are to establish a pressure gradient and send blood into arteries with each systole.
- Arteries and arterioles conduct blood away from the heart, while capillaries allow for gas and nutrient exchange with tissues.
- The control of the cardiorespiratory apparatus involves pressure sensors (baroreceptors), gas sensors (chemoreceptors), and pH sensors (central chemoreceptors).
- Fluid movement in the body is influenced by flow, pressure, and pressure gradient.
Test your knowledge of the cells and functions of the nervous system in this quiz. Explore topics such as neurons, dendrites, and the peripheral nervous system. Challenge yourself to answer questions about how the nervous system responds to stimuli and communicates with effectors.
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