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Questions and Answers
Which cells of the nervous system support neurons within the central nervous system?
Which cells of the nervous system support neurons within the central nervous system?
- Oligodendrocytes
- Astrocytes (correct)
- Microglial cells
- Schwann cells
Which organ system secretes hormones that impact metabolism, activity, and growth of most organs/systems?
Which organ system secretes hormones that impact metabolism, activity, and growth of most organs/systems?
- Integumentary
- Endocrine (correct)
- Skeletal
- Muscular
Which organ system processes food and removes undigested wastes?
Which organ system processes food and removes undigested wastes?
- Digestive (correct)
- Respiratory
- Cardiovascular
- Urinary
Which organ system produces gametes and supports embryo/fetus?
Which organ system produces gametes and supports embryo/fetus?
Smooth muscle is found in almost every region of the body. Which of the following statements about smooth muscle is true?
Smooth muscle is found in almost every region of the body. Which of the following statements about smooth muscle is true?
Which of the following is NOT an example of connective tissue?
Which of the following is NOT an example of connective tissue?
Which type of muscle tissue is responsible for movement in the musculoskeletal system?
Which type of muscle tissue is responsible for movement in the musculoskeletal system?
Which of the following is NOT a possible physical exam finding in a patient with anemia?
Which of the following is NOT a possible physical exam finding in a patient with anemia?
What is the explanation for an increased heart rate in a patient with anemia?
What is the explanation for an increased heart rate in a patient with anemia?
How are physical exam findings in a patient with anemia best understood and explained?
How are physical exam findings in a patient with anemia best understood and explained?
Which tissue type is found in almost every region of the body?
Which tissue type is found in almost every region of the body?
Which of the following physical exam findings is NOT directly related to a decrease in red blood cell count in a patient with anemia?
Which of the following physical exam findings is NOT directly related to a decrease in red blood cell count in a patient with anemia?
Which of the following is the best explanation for the yellowing of the sclera or skin in a patient with anemia due to destruction of red blood cells?
Which of the following is the best explanation for the yellowing of the sclera or skin in a patient with anemia due to destruction of red blood cells?
Which cells of the nervous system myelinate axons in the peripheral nervous system?
Which cells of the nervous system myelinate axons in the peripheral nervous system?
Which organ system is responsible for protection from microbes?
Which organ system is responsible for protection from microbes?
What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?
What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?
What is the additional function of the endocrine system?
What is the additional function of the endocrine system?
The physical exam is the primary focus of Clinical Physiology.
The physical exam is the primary focus of Clinical Physiology.
There are four major tissue types in the body.
There are four major tissue types in the body.
Epithelial tissue is found in limited regions of the body.
Epithelial tissue is found in limited regions of the body.
Smooth muscle is only found in blood vessels.
Smooth muscle is only found in blood vessels.
Epithelial tissue functions include protection from physical, thermal, and chemical factors.
Epithelial tissue functions include protection from physical, thermal, and chemical factors.
Connective tissue membranes always have an epithelial lining.
Connective tissue membranes always have an epithelial lining.
Bone and cartilage are considered connective tissue proper.
Bone and cartilage are considered connective tissue proper.
True or false: Most disease is primarily caused by dysfunction at the macroscopic level.
True or false: Most disease is primarily caused by dysfunction at the macroscopic level.
True or false: Physical exam findings can directly detect a decrease in red blood cell count in a patient with anemia.
True or false: Physical exam findings can directly detect a decrease in red blood cell count in a patient with anemia.
True or false: Findings across different organ systems can help establish a diagnosis or suggest further confirmatory tests.
True or false: Findings across different organ systems can help establish a diagnosis or suggest further confirmatory tests.
True or false: Neurons receive stimuli from dendrites and integrate them in the cell body.
True or false: Neurons receive stimuli from dendrites and integrate them in the cell body.
True or false: Astrocytes support neurons within the peripheral nervous system.
True or false: Astrocytes support neurons within the peripheral nervous system.
True or false: The heart is part of the cardiovascular system.
True or false: The heart is part of the cardiovascular system.
True or false: The primary function of the endocrine system is to secrete hormones that impact metabolism, activity, and growth of most organs/systems.
True or false: The primary function of the endocrine system is to secrete hormones that impact metabolism, activity, and growth of most organs/systems.
Which of the following is NOT a function of epithelial tissue?
Which of the following is NOT a function of epithelial tissue?
True or false: Most disease is primarily caused by dysfunction at the macroscopic level.
True or false: Most disease is primarily caused by dysfunction at the macroscopic level.
Which of the following is NOT a possible physical exam finding in a patient with anemia?
Which of the following is NOT a possible physical exam finding in a patient with anemia?
Which of the following is considered a normal respiratory rate at rest in adults?
Which of the following is considered a normal respiratory rate at rest in adults?
What is the normal diastolic blood pressure at rest in adults?
What is the normal diastolic blood pressure at rest in adults?
What is the normal heart rate at rest in adults?
What is the normal heart rate at rest in adults?
Which type of tissue is responsible for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes between blood and tissues?
Which type of tissue is responsible for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes between blood and tissues?
Which of the following is responsible for conducting blood away from the heart and modifying blood flow based on overall blood pressure and tissue needs?
Which of the following is responsible for conducting blood away from the heart and modifying blood flow based on overall blood pressure and tissue needs?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the cardiovascular system?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the cardiovascular system?
Which organ system is responsible for protecting the body from physical, thermal, and chemical factors?
Which organ system is responsible for protecting the body from physical, thermal, and chemical factors?
According to Poiseuille's Law, which of the following factors has the greatest impact on resistance to flow through a tube?
According to Poiseuille's Law, which of the following factors has the greatest impact on resistance to flow through a tube?
According to Fick's Law, which of the following factors increases the rate of diffusion?
According to Fick's Law, which of the following factors increases the rate of diffusion?
Which of the following statements about flow is true?
Which of the following statements about flow is true?
Which of the following statements about diffusion is true?
Which of the following statements about diffusion is true?
According to Ohm's Law, which of the following factors does NOT affect the current across a membrane?
According to Ohm's Law, which of the following factors does NOT affect the current across a membrane?
Which equation represents Nernst Potential?
Which equation represents Nernst Potential?
Which of the following is NOT included in the Goldman Field Equation?
Which of the following is NOT included in the Goldman Field Equation?
Which of the following is NOT a function of living cells' membrane potential?
Which of the following is NOT a function of living cells' membrane potential?
What does Poiseuille's Law describe?
What does Poiseuille's Law describe?
When does diffusion increased in Fick's law?
When does diffusion increased in Fick's law?
When does diffusion decrease in Fick's law?
When does diffusion decrease in Fick's law?
What does Ohm's law define?
What does Ohm's law define?
______ is the energy generated by separating charges across the cell membrane
______ is the energy generated by separating charges across the cell membrane
_______ current is the number of charges or charged particles that move across the membrane per unit time
_______ current is the number of charges or charged particles that move across the membrane per unit time
In Ohm's law, current increased when ________increases
In Ohm's law, current increased when ________increases
In Ohm's law, current decreased when _______ increases
In Ohm's law, current decreased when _______ increases
Which of the following is a negative regulatory element that inhibits gene expression?
Which of the following is a negative regulatory element that inhibits gene expression?
What is the role of enhancers in gene expression?
What is the role of enhancers in gene expression?
Which protein recognizes and binds the consensus sequence in the promoter region?
Which protein recognizes and binds the consensus sequence in the promoter region?
Which of the following is NOT a type of nitrogenous base in DNA?
Which of the following is NOT a type of nitrogenous base in DNA?
What is the role of magnesium in stabilizing the DNA double helix?
What is the role of magnesium in stabilizing the DNA double helix?
What is the main difference between DNA and RNA?
What is the main difference between DNA and RNA?
Which of the following is the correct order of the 4 stages of transcription?
Which of the following is the correct order of the 4 stages of transcription?
Which type of RNA is involved in the spliceosome and functions in removing introns from pre-mRNA?
Which type of RNA is involved in the spliceosome and functions in removing introns from pre-mRNA?
Which region of the tRNA molecule binds to the amino acid corresponding to the anticodon?
Which region of the tRNA molecule binds to the amino acid corresponding to the anticodon?
Which of the following is NOT a type of non-coding RNA involved in gene regulation?
Which of the following is NOT a type of non-coding RNA involved in gene regulation?
Which of the following can regulate the amount of a particular protein available to a cell?
Which of the following can regulate the amount of a particular protein available to a cell?
Which of the following complexes carries out histone modifications?
Which of the following complexes carries out histone modifications?
Which of the following histone modifications tends to open chromatin and increase transcription?
Which of the following histone modifications tends to open chromatin and increase transcription?
Which of the following is responsible for targeting a protein to its intracellular location?
Which of the following is responsible for targeting a protein to its intracellular location?
Which of the following is NOT a step in transcription initiation in eukaryotes?
Which of the following is NOT a step in transcription initiation in eukaryotes?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the poly-A tail in mRNA processing in eukaryotes?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the poly-A tail in mRNA processing in eukaryotes?
Which of the following is NOT a step in translation initiation?
Which of the following is NOT a step in translation initiation?
Which of the following is NOT a function of elongation factors in translation?
Which of the following is NOT a function of elongation factors in translation?
Which type of cell membrane receptor opens ion channels after binding a ligand (1st messenger), resulting in depolarization or hyperpolarization?
Which type of cell membrane receptor opens ion channels after binding a ligand (1st messenger), resulting in depolarization or hyperpolarization?
What is the function of G-protein coupled receptors?
What is the function of G-protein coupled receptors?
Which type of G-protein coupled receptor uses cAMP as a second messenger and activates protein kinase A (PK A)?
Which type of G-protein coupled receptor uses cAMP as a second messenger and activates protein kinase A (PK A)?
Which type of G-protein coupled receptor uses Ca2+, IP3, and DAG as second messenger systems?
Which type of G-protein coupled receptor uses Ca2+, IP3, and DAG as second messenger systems?
Which of the following is a key mediator that relaxes smooth muscle in blood vessels and visceral organs?
Which of the following is a key mediator that relaxes smooth muscle in blood vessels and visceral organs?
Which of the following is a second messenger that can diffuse across cell membranes and activate protein kinase?
Which of the following is a second messenger that can diffuse across cell membranes and activate protein kinase?
Which of the following is an enzyme that attaches an additional phosphate to membrane lipid PIP2 to form PIP3?
Which of the following is an enzyme that attaches an additional phosphate to membrane lipid PIP2 to form PIP3?
Which of the following is an effector that influences intracellular targets and is activated by PDK1 through phosphorylation?
Which of the following is an effector that influences intracellular targets and is activated by PDK1 through phosphorylation?
Which of the following is NOT a function of receptors in the cell membrane?
Which of the following is NOT a function of receptors in the cell membrane?
What is the main purpose of signal termination in intracellular signaling?
What is the main purpose of signal termination in intracellular signaling?
Which step is NOT involved in the activation of intracellular signaling?
Which step is NOT involved in the activation of intracellular signaling?
Which of the following is NOT a major tissue type in the body?
Which of the following is NOT a major tissue type in the body?
Which type of epithelial tissue is thin and allows for easy diffusion?
Which type of epithelial tissue is thin and allows for easy diffusion?
Which type of tissue membrane does NOT have an epithelial lining?
Which type of tissue membrane does NOT have an epithelial lining?
Which of the following is the normal range for respiratory rate at rest in adults?
Which of the following is the normal range for respiratory rate at rest in adults?
Which of the following structures separates the left and right ventricles?
Which of the following structures separates the left and right ventricles?
Which of the following valves prevents backflow of blood between the atria and ventricles?
Which of the following valves prevents backflow of blood between the atria and ventricles?
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events during the cardiac cycle?
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events during the cardiac cycle?
Which type of tissue is responsible for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes between blood and tissues?
Which type of tissue is responsible for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes between blood and tissues?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the cardiovascular system?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the cardiovascular system?
What is the main purpose of signal termination in intracellular signaling?
What is the main purpose of signal termination in intracellular signaling?
Which of the following is NOT a possible physical exam finding in a patient with anemia?
Which of the following is NOT a possible physical exam finding in a patient with anemia?
Which of the following is responsible for delivering low-O2, high-CO2 blood to the right heart?
Which of the following is responsible for delivering low-O2, high-CO2 blood to the right heart?
Which vessels allow tissues to extract O2 from and deliver CO2 to blood?
Which vessels allow tissues to extract O2 from and deliver CO2 to blood?
Which side of the heart applies high pressure to high-O2, low-CO2 blood?
Which side of the heart applies high pressure to high-O2, low-CO2 blood?
Which of the following is responsible for delivering high-O2, low-CO2 blood to the left heart?
Which of the following is responsible for delivering high-O2, low-CO2 blood to the left heart?
Which of the following is the correct equation for calculating flow in the cardiovascular system?
Which of the following is the correct equation for calculating flow in the cardiovascular system?
What is the equation for calculating cardiac output?
What is the equation for calculating cardiac output?
What is the main function of arterioles in the cardiovascular system?
What is the main function of arterioles in the cardiovascular system?
What is the purpose of the elastic fibres in the smooth muscular wall of elastic arteries?
What is the purpose of the elastic fibres in the smooth muscular wall of elastic arteries?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the venous system?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the venous system?
Which of the following is NOT a major baroreceptor location?
Which of the following is NOT a major baroreceptor location?
What is the normal range for heart rates in adults at rest?
What is the normal range for heart rates in adults at rest?
What is considered a healthy blood pressure at rest?
What is considered a healthy blood pressure at rest?
Which of the following lipid components is NOT a structural component of the cell membrane?
Which of the following lipid components is NOT a structural component of the cell membrane?
Which of the following best describes the function of the Na+/K+ ATPase?
Which of the following best describes the function of the Na+/K+ ATPase?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the cytoskeleton?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the cytoskeleton?
Which protein monomers are responsible for forming microtubules?
Which protein monomers are responsible for forming microtubules?
What is the process called when G-actin monomers form F-actin polymers?
What is the process called when G-actin monomers form F-actin polymers?
Which factors can regulate the stability of F-actin?
Which factors can regulate the stability of F-actin?
What is the function of microtubules in cellular organization?
What is the function of microtubules in cellular organization?
Which of the following lipid components usually has an unbranched fatty acid 'tail' with 16-18 carbons?
Which of the following lipid components usually has an unbranched fatty acid 'tail' with 16-18 carbons?
Which of the following is true about cholesterol in the cell membrane?
Which of the following is true about cholesterol in the cell membrane?
Which of the following structures has a sphingosine backbone instead of a glycerol backbone?
Which of the following structures has a sphingosine backbone instead of a glycerol backbone?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the glycocalyx?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the glycocalyx?
Which of the following is NOT a function of membrane proteins in the cell?
Which of the following is NOT a function of membrane proteins in the cell?
Which type of junction separates cells into apical and basal compartments and is commonly involved in regulating movement across membranes?
Which type of junction separates cells into apical and basal compartments and is commonly involved in regulating movement across membranes?
Which type of junction connects cells to extracellular structures and provides structural integrity for a wide range of cells and tissues?
Which type of junction connects cells to extracellular structures and provides structural integrity for a wide range of cells and tissues?
Which cytoskeletal structure is responsible for the overall structural integrity of the cell and is composed of various molecules such as keratins and desmin?
Which cytoskeletal structure is responsible for the overall structural integrity of the cell and is composed of various molecules such as keratins and desmin?
Which of the following is NOT a function of microtubules in cells?
Which of the following is NOT a function of microtubules in cells?
Which protein is responsible for the movement of cilia and flagella along microtubules?
Which protein is responsible for the movement of cilia and flagella along microtubules?
Which of the following is a type of intermediate filament found in neurons?
Which of the following is a type of intermediate filament found in neurons?
What is the primary function of actin filaments in an epithelial cell?
What is the primary function of actin filaments in an epithelial cell?
According to the text, which of the following is true about osmosis?
According to the text, which of the following is true about osmosis?
According to the text, what is the most-used model of osmosis discussed?
According to the text, what is the most-used model of osmosis discussed?
According to the text, what is the main function of the Na+/K+ ATPase?
According to the text, what is the main function of the Na+/K+ ATPase?
According to the text, what is the difference between active transport and passive transport?
According to the text, what is the difference between active transport and passive transport?
Which of the following structures is responsible for gas exchange in the lungs?
Which of the following structures is responsible for gas exchange in the lungs?
What is the main driving force for gas movement in the conducting zone of the respiratory system?
What is the main driving force for gas movement in the conducting zone of the respiratory system?
Which of the following regions is responsible for gas diffusion in the respiratory system?
Which of the following regions is responsible for gas diffusion in the respiratory system?
Which of the following is a consequence of pulmonary disease that makes it difficult to hear breath sounds and causes dullness to percussion?
Which of the following is a consequence of pulmonary disease that makes it difficult to hear breath sounds and causes dullness to percussion?
Which of the following is a consequence of pulmonary disease that is characterized by fine crackles and can occur due to pulmonary edema or certain types of COPD?
Which of the following is a consequence of pulmonary disease that is characterized by fine crackles and can occur due to pulmonary edema or certain types of COPD?
Which of the following is a consequence of pulmonary disease that is characterized by a high-pitched, musical sound on expiration and is common in obstructive diseases such as asthma and COPD?
Which of the following is a consequence of pulmonary disease that is characterized by a high-pitched, musical sound on expiration and is common in obstructive diseases such as asthma and COPD?
Which of the following is a consequence of pulmonary disease that is characterized by a louder, harsher sound on inspiration and sometimes on expiration, and occurs when the upper airways are obstructed?
Which of the following is a consequence of pulmonary disease that is characterized by a louder, harsher sound on inspiration and sometimes on expiration, and occurs when the upper airways are obstructed?
Which muscles contract during inspiration to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity?
Which muscles contract during inspiration to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity?
What happens to the intrathoracic pressure during expiration?
What happens to the intrathoracic pressure during expiration?
What is the function of the pleural cavity?
What is the function of the pleural cavity?
What can cause pleural effusion?
What can cause pleural effusion?
Which of the following is an example of an intracellular event that transforms an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal?
Which of the following is an example of an intracellular event that transforms an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal?
What is the function of receptors in the cell membrane?
What is the function of receptors in the cell membrane?
Which of the following is a possible reason for signal termination in intracellular signaling?
Which of the following is a possible reason for signal termination in intracellular signaling?
Which type of cell membrane receptor opens ion channels after binding a ligand (1st messenger), potentially causing depolarization or hyperpolarization?
Which type of cell membrane receptor opens ion channels after binding a ligand (1st messenger), potentially causing depolarization or hyperpolarization?
Which type of G-protein coupled receptor uses calcium, IP3, and DAG as second messenger systems?
Which type of G-protein coupled receptor uses calcium, IP3, and DAG as second messenger systems?
Which subunit of a G-protein coupled receptor releases GDP and binds GTP when the receptor is stimulated?
Which subunit of a G-protein coupled receptor releases GDP and binds GTP when the receptor is stimulated?
Which enzyme converts ATP to cAMP in the Gs GPCR signaling pathway?
Which enzyme converts ATP to cAMP in the Gs GPCR signaling pathway?
Which of the following is NOT a function of calmodulin in intracellular signaling?
Which of the following is NOT a function of calmodulin in intracellular signaling?
Which of the following is a characteristic of enzyme-coupled receptors?
Which of the following is a characteristic of enzyme-coupled receptors?
Which of the following is NOT a step in RTK (receptor tyrosine kinase) enzyme-coupled receptor signaling?
Which of the following is NOT a step in RTK (receptor tyrosine kinase) enzyme-coupled receptor signaling?
Which of the following is a characteristic of nitric oxide (NO) signaling?
Which of the following is a characteristic of nitric oxide (NO) signaling?
Study Notes
Overview of Body Systems and Functions
- The respiratory tract is protected by pseudostratified columnar epithelium and macrophages.
- Connective tissue has structural and protective functions, with stronger structures like bone and cartilage, and weaker structures like areolar and adipose tissue.
- Connective tissue proper is made up of cells and matrix, with cell types including fibroblasts, osteoblasts/osteocytes, chondroblasts, adipocytes, and mesenchymal cells.
- Muscle tissue includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle, each with different characteristics and functions.
- Nervous tissue consists of neurons, axons, and glial cells, which support and transmit signals in the nervous system.
- Physical exam findings can provide information about lower-level function and dysfunction, such as in the case of anemia.
- The body is composed of various organ systems, each with primary functions and additional functions.
- The heart is a two-phase pump that applies pressure to blood during systole and relaxes during diastole.
- The cardiovascular system includes systemic and pulmonary circulations, with arteries, capillaries, and veins involved in the transport of blood.
- The heart's main functions are to establish pressure gradients and send blood into the arteries every systole.
- Arteries and arterioles are responsible for conducting blood away from the heart and modifying blood flow based on overall blood pressure and tissue needs.
- Capillaries allow for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes between blood and tissues.
- Pressure sensors, gas sensors, and pH sensors in the body help regulate the cardiorespiratory apparatus and fluid movement.
Overview of Body Systems and Functions
- The respiratory tract is protected by pseudostratified columnar epithelium and macrophages.
- Connective tissue has structural and protective functions, with stronger structures including bone, cartilage, and dense regular and irregular tissue.
- Connective tissue also includes fluid connective tissue, such as red blood cells and platelets for oxygen and carbon dioxide transport, and lymph for immune cell transport.
- Connective tissue proper is one of the four main types of connective tissues in the body, consisting of cells and matrix.
- Muscle tissue includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles, each with different functions and characteristics.
- Nervous tissue includes neurons, axons, and glial cells, which support and transmit signals in the nervous system.
- Physical exam findings, such as increased heart rate and rapid respiratory rate, can indicate lower-level dysfunction in the body.
- The body is composed of various organ systems, each with primary functions and additional functions.
- The heart is a two-phase pump that applies pressure to blood during systole and ejects it into arteries.
- The heart's main functions are to establish a pressure gradient and send blood into arteries with each systole.
- Arteries and arterioles conduct blood away from the heart, while capillaries allow for gas and nutrient exchange with tissues.
- The control of the cardiorespiratory apparatus involves pressure sensors (baroreceptors), gas sensors (chemoreceptors), and pH sensors (central chemoreceptors).
- Fluid movement in the body is influenced by flow, pressure, and pressure gradient.
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Test your knowledge of the cells and functions of the nervous system in this quiz. Explore topics such as neurons, dendrites, and the peripheral nervous system. Challenge yourself to answer questions about how the nervous system responds to stimuli and communicates with effectors.
