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Questions and Answers
What is the primary difference between histology and cytology?
What is the primary difference between histology and cytology?
- Histology shows cell relationships, while cytology does not (correct)
- Histology is the study of whole organs, while cytology is the study of individual cells
- Histology studies embryos, while cytology studies adult cells
- Histology is the study of diseased cells, while cytology is the study of healthy cells
What is the purpose of a microtome in histology?
What is the purpose of a microtome in histology?
- To cut the sample into 1-7 micrometer thin sections (correct)
- To examine the tissue samples under a microscope
- To stain the tissue samples
- To retrieve the sample from the non-living animal
Which of the following statements is true regarding Gomori's Method of staining the brush border of the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney?
Which of the following statements is true regarding Gomori's Method of staining the brush border of the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney?
- Acidic kinase stains brown
- Alkaline phosphatase stains black (correct)
- Alkaline kinase stains brown
- Acidic phosphatase stains black
The image shows which stain type?
The image shows which stain type?
What is the study of diseased tissue called?
What is the study of diseased tissue called?
What is a characteristic of immunohistochemistry?
What is a characteristic of immunohistochemistry?
What is the term for the staining of enzymes?
What is the term for the staining of enzymes?
Which microscope produced this image?
Which microscope produced this image?
What type of microscopy allows for the viewing of living, non-stained structures?
What type of microscopy allows for the viewing of living, non-stained structures?
Which of the following stains goblet cells magenta?
Which of the following stains goblet cells magenta?
What is the resolving power of light microscopy in micrometers?
What is the resolving power of light microscopy in micrometers?
What is a disadvantage of light microscopy?
What is a disadvantage of light microscopy?
What is the temperature used for the infiltration process in preparing a tissue sample for microscopy?
What is the temperature used for the infiltration process in preparing a tissue sample for microscopy?
What type of microscopy involves the staining of specific cellular components and viewing them under ultraviolet light?
What type of microscopy involves the staining of specific cellular components and viewing them under ultraviolet light?
The image shows which stain type?
The image shows which stain type?
What is the purpose of adding xylene to the solution during the preparation of a tissue sample for microscopy?
What is the purpose of adding xylene to the solution during the preparation of a tissue sample for microscopy?
The image shows which stain type?
The image shows which stain type?
What is the purpose of using paraffin wax in the preparation of a tissue sample for microscopy?
What is the purpose of using paraffin wax in the preparation of a tissue sample for microscopy?
What is the color of collagen when stained with Mallory’s Trichrome?
What is the color of collagen when stained with Mallory’s Trichrome?
What is a characteristic of denser structures in phase contrast microscopy?
What is a characteristic of denser structures in phase contrast microscopy?
What is the purpose of the fixation process in preparing a tissue sample for microscopy?
What is the purpose of the fixation process in preparing a tissue sample for microscopy?
Which microscope produced this image?
Which microscope produced this image?
Which of the following stains localizes glycogen, glycoproteins, and mucin?
Which of the following stains localizes glycogen, glycoproteins, and mucin?
What is the main advantage of using dissecting stereomicroscopy?
What is the main advantage of using dissecting stereomicroscopy?
The image shows which stain type?
The image shows which stain type?
What is the main difference between TEM and SEM?
What is the main difference between TEM and SEM?
Which microscope produced this image?
Which microscope produced this image?
What is the purpose of adding a polarizing filter to a bright field microscope?
What is the purpose of adding a polarizing filter to a bright field microscope?
What is a major limitation of TEM?
What is a major limitation of TEM?
Which of the following will stain goblet cells pale?
Which of the following will stain goblet cells pale?
Which of the following is true regarding Haematoxylin within the H&E stain?
Which of the following is true regarding Haematoxylin within the H&E stain?
What is the term for the collection of a tissue sample from a living animal?
What is the term for the collection of a tissue sample from a living animal?
Which of the following stains is commonly used for routine evaluations?
Which of the following stains is commonly used for routine evaluations?
Which microscope produced this image?
Which microscope produced this image?
Which microscope produced this image?
Which microscope produced this image?
What is the resolving power of the TEM?
What is the resolving power of the TEM?
Which statement is correct in regards to Masson's Trichrome staining?
Which statement is correct in regards to Masson's Trichrome staining?
What is the study of the development of an individual called?
What is the study of the development of an individual called?
Why is TEM more powerful than light microscopy?
Why is TEM more powerful than light microscopy?
Which microscope produced this image?
Which microscope produced this image?
What color does Immunohistochemistry stain glucagon and insulin within the Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans?
What color does Immunohistochemistry stain glucagon and insulin within the Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans?
Which of the following is true regarding Eosin within the H&E stain?
Which of the following is true regarding Eosin within the H&E stain?
The image shows which stain type?
The image shows which stain type?
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Study Notes
Cell Culture and Fluorescence
- In cell culture of kidney cells, blue fluorescent dye binds to nuclear DNA, and green fluorescent dye binds to actin filaments.
Microscopy
Polarized Microscopy
- Uses polarizing filter to highlight birefringent materials (e.g., crystalline materials or collagen fibers)
Dissecting Stereomicroscopy
- Advantages: inexpensive, used in microsurgery, 3-dimensional image, practical, and versatile
- Disadvantages: requires maintenance, low resolving power
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
- Uses electron beams with shorter wavelength than light beams, resulting in higher resolution (1000-fold)
- Electron beams interact with tissue components
- Advantages: high resolving power (0.16-0.18 nanometers), rapid diagnosis of viruses and storage diseases
- Disadvantages: expensive, requires extensive sample preparation, 2-dimensional images, black and white images, and cannot be used with living specimens
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
- Uses electron beams to scan specimen surfaces, resulting in a 3-dimensional effect
- Only shows external surfaces
- Lower resolution compared to TEM
Microanatomy (Histology)
- Study of cells, tissues, and their integration to form organs
- Requires microscope for viewing samples
- Differs from gross anatomy, which studies larger body parts visible to the naked eye
Embryology (Developmental Biology)
- Study of individual development, including embryo and fetus development
Cytology
- Study of cell structure and function
- Example: vaginal smear for estrus detection in canines
- Does not indicate relationships between cells
Histopathology
- Study of diseased tissue
- Example: organ biopsy
Cytopathology
- Study of diseased cells via fluids or tissue
- Example: fine needle aspirate (of a lump or bump)
Biospecimen (Tissue Sample)
- Sample of tissue or whole organ from a non-living animal
- Biopsy: collection of tissue sample from a living animal
- Liquid biopsy: blood sample
Histochemistry and Immunohistochemistry
- Histochemistry: staining of enzymes
- Immunohistochemistry: binding of antibodies labeled with fluorescent dyes or enzymes to antigens, resulting in a color change
- Very specific and can stain glucagon and insulin in pancreatic islets of Langerhans
Microscopy Types
- Light Microscopy
- Advantages: inexpensive, rapid diagnosis, viewing live specimens, resolving power of 2 micrometers
- Disadvantages: requires expertise, requires maintenance, 2-dimensional image, limited resolving power based on light wavelength
- Bright Field Microscopy
- Requires staining for contrast
- Similar to digital scanners
- Phase Contrast Microscopy
- Allows viewing of living, non-stained structures (e.g., cell culture, tissue culture, spermatozoa, leukocytes)
- Dense structures have higher refractive indices than less dense structures
- Fluorescence Microscopy
- Stains specific cellular components and views them under ultraviolet light
Preparing Tissue for Microscopic Examination
- Step 1: Collect tissue sample via biopsy or biospecimen
- Step 2: Trim tissue to 1cm^3
- Step 3: Fix tissue with 10% formalin fixative
- Step 4: Dehydrate with increasing alcohol percentage
- Step 5: Clear with xylene
- Step 6: Infiltrate at 58-60°C
- Step 7: Embed with paraffin wax
- Step 8: Slice with a microtome
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