Questions and Answers
Which activity is an example of biotechnology?
Koch's postulates are criteria used to establish that?
Which of the following is a taxon that contains all the other taxa listed?
The smallest and most significant taxon is?
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Current evidence indicates that bacteria and archaea existed on Earth for approximately 2 billion years before eukaryotes appeared.
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A scientific theory, like the theory of evolution, is just our best guess at explaining a scientific phenomenon, but a theory cannot be considered fact.
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All microorganisms are considered pathogens.
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Viruses are not classified in any of Whittaker's five kingdoms.
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All of the following are polysaccharides except?
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A fat is called _____ if all carbons of the fatty acid chain are single bonded to 2 other carbons and 2 hydrogens.
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Which pertains to DNA but not to RNA?
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The most important outcome of polypeptide intrachain bonding and folding is the unique shape of the protein.
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If a hypothesis is accepted, then the findings become a scientific law.
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Which of the features listed below is not found in all cells?
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Organisms were classified into kingdoms as they were defined. Which list reflects the order of discovery of the kingdoms as we know them today?
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When humans manipulate the genes of microorganisms, the process is called
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Which scientist showed that anthrax was caused by the bacterium, Bacillus anthracis?
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What part of a phospholipid forms hydrophobic tails?
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The acceptance or rejection of a hypothesis is based on a series of educated guesses and options. Once the option is widely accepted, it becomes a theory.
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Despite the lack of a membrane-bound nucleus, bacteria and archaea are cells with a complex organizational structure.
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Which of the following structures are possessed by some but not all prokaryotes?
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Which of the following bacterial appendages is not used for attachment?
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Spirochetes have a twisting and flexing locomotion due to appendages called _____.
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A bacterial cell exhibiting chemotaxis probably has _____.
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Study Notes
Biotechnology Example
- Example of biotechnology: Escherichia coli producing human insulin.
- Natural process: Bacteria in soil secrete antibiotics to compete.
Koch's Postulates
- Establishes that a specific microbe is responsible for a specific disease.
- Important in linking pathogens to diseases.
Taxonomy
- Kingdom is the top level in the taxonomic hierarchy, containing all other taxa.
- Species is the smallest and most significant taxon in classification.
Bacterial and Archaeal Existence
- Bacteria and archaea existed for approximately 2 billion years before eukaryotes.
Scientific Theories
- Scientific theories are robust explanations based on evidence and are considered facts, not mere guesses.
Microorganisms
- Not all microorganisms are pathogens; many play beneficial roles.
Viruses Classification
- Viruses do not fit into any of Whittaker's five kingdoms.
Polysaccharides
- Prostaglandins in inflammation are not polysaccharides; others like glycogen and cellulose are.
Fats and Fatty Acids
- Saturated fats have fatty acid chains with only single bonds between carbons.
DNA vs. RNA
- Thymine is present in DNA but not in RNA; RNA contains uracil instead.
Protein Structure
- Unique protein shape results from polypeptide bonding and folding.
Hypothesis vs. Law
- Acceptance of a hypothesis does not automatically result in a scientific law.
Cell Structures
- All cells possess ribosomes, DNA, and a cytoplasmic membrane; not all have a nucleus.
Kingdom Classification Order
- The order of discovery for biological kingdoms: plants and animals, protista, monera, fungi.
Genetic Engineering
- Manipulation of microbial genes is termed genetic engineering.
Anthrax Discovery
- Robert Koch identified Bacillus anthracis as the cause of anthrax.
Phospholipid Structure
- Hydrophobic tails in phospholipids are formed by fatty acids.
Hypothesis Acceptance
- Evaluating hypotheses involves educated guesses; widely accepted options become theories.
Prokaryotic Complexity
- Bacteria and archaea, despite lacking a membrane-bound nucleus, are organized but simpler than eukaryotes.
Prokaryotic Structures
- Some prokaryotes can possess one or more chromosomes in addition to ribosomes and cell membranes.
Bacterial Appendages
- Flagella are not used for attachment; slime layers, pili, and fimbriae serve that purpose.
Spirochete Locomotion
- Spirochetes move by periplasmic flagella (axial filaments) which provide twisting and flexing movement.
Chemotaxis in Bacteria
- Bacterial cells exhibiting chemotaxis typically have flagella for movement towards or away from chemicals.
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Description
Test your knowledge on biotechnology and microbiology with these flashcards from Micro Unit 1. Focus on key concepts such as Koch's postulates and examples of biotechnological activities. Perfect for learners looking to reinforce their understanding of microbiological principles.
