Biotechnology Review Flashcards

Study Notes

DNA Fingerprinting

Method used by forensic scientists to identify individuals based on unique DNA profiles.
Useful in criminal investigations and paternity tests.

Gel Electrophoresis

Technique employed to separate DNA fragments by size.
DNA is placed in a gel and subjected to an electric current, allowing smaller fragments to migrate faster.

Advantages of GMO Crops

Require less water, benefiting water conservation.
Decrease the need for pesticides, reducing chemical usage in agriculture.
Potential for higher yields, enhancing food production efficiency and speed.

Gene Expression

Occurs when a gene is activated, resulting in observable traits or functions in an organism.
Fundamental for understanding genetics and the function of traits.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Laboratory technique for amplifying small samples of DNA.
Enables the production of millions of copies from a minute initial sample, essential for genetic analysis.

GFP Gene in Genetic Manipulation

A green fluorescent protein gene is combined with another gene to visualize successful insertion.
The fluorescence serves as an indicator, confirming the gene's presence in the host organism.

DNA Bands in Fingerprinting

Each band in a DNA fingerprint corresponds to DNA fragments of identical size.
The pattern created can be used to compare genetic similarities or differences among individuals.

DNA Amplification at Crime Scenes

Often essential due to limited DNA samples available for testing.
Allows forensic teams to obtain enough DNA for analysis.

Restriction Enzymes

Specialized proteins that cut DNA at predetermined sequences.
Integral to genetic engineering and cloning processes.

Recombinant DNA

Results from combining DNA from two or more different species.
Permits the introduction of new traits into organisms for research or agricultural purposes.

DNA Charge

DNA molecules carry a negative charge due to phosphate groups in their structure.
This property is crucial in techniques like gel electrophoresis where DNA moves towards the positive electrode.

Disadvantages of GMOs

Potential for unintended side effects from inserted DNA, affecting health or the environment.
Concerns regarding changes in taste or nutrient content of genetically modified foods.

Creation of Recombinant DNA

Requires both donor and recipient DNA to be cut with the same restriction enzyme.
Ensures compatible ends for successful recombination.

DNA Movement in Gel

The rate at which DNA travels through the gel is influenced by its size; smaller pieces move faster.
Enables effective separation and analysis of DNA fragments based on length.

Function of DNA Ligase

Enzymatic "glue" that joins DNA fragments together.
Key in DNA replication and repair processes in cells.

Description

Test your knowledge of key biotechnology concepts with these flashcards. Each card focuses on important terms such as DNA fingerprinting, gel electrophoresis, and GMO crops, providing clear definitions to enhance your understanding. Perfect for students preparing for exams or anyone interested in the field of biotechnology.