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Questions and Answers
What is the maximum percentage of an animal's blood volume that can be collected in one collection?
The gauge size of the needle used for intravenous route collection is _____ to _____ G.
25-27
A 18G ball-tip feeding needle is used for oral administration.
True
What is the recovery time after collecting 7.5% of the total blood volume in an animal?
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What is one sign of hypovolemic shock in an animal?
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Match the blood collection technique with its description:
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What is the acclimatization period for rodent species before survival surgery?
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Lidocaine is commonly used for analgesia in animal procedures.
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Which of the following is a common strain of mice?
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What is the species name of the house mouse?
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Scruff restraint can only be done using a two-hand technique.
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The maximum dosing volume for a mouse is _____ ml/kg.
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What is the purpose of blood collection in research?
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Match the following species to their scientific names:
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Lice are more commonly found than fur mites in guinea pigs.
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The volume of blood that can be safely drawn in a single collection is up to _____ of an animal's blood volume.
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Which strain is known for its immune deficiency?
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What is a common clinical sign of fur mites?
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What is the maximum volume to be injected in adult guinea pigs?
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Which of the following are main elements of the design of cat housing in research laboratories? (Select all that apply)
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What is tranquillisation?
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What is the most common site for intravascular drug administration in cats?
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Cats should be held in sternal recumbency for blood sampling from the cephalic vein.
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The treatment for ear mites in cats typically includes _____ micrograms of ivermectin per kg BW.
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Match the following routes of drug administration with their descriptions:
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What does FVRCP stand for in core cat vaccines?
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Which of the following are non-core vaccines for cats? (Select all that apply)
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Dermatophytosis is caused by a fungus called Microsporum canis.
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What is straining to urinate a symptom of in cats?
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Which of the following symptoms may indicate gastrointestinal diseases in cats? (Select all that apply)
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Ear mites can cause excessive _____ in infested cats.
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What is the recommended daily feed consumption for hamsters?
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What is the primary reason for urinary incontinence in cats?
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Pneumonia, or inflammation of the lungs, is a frequent cause of death in guinea pigs. This condition is caused by ________.
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What are some common causes of hair loss in guinea pigs? (Select all that apply)
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What is the clinical sign of bacterial pneumonia in guinea pigs?
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Lice infestation is a common cause of weight loss in guinea pigs.
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What is one of the treatments for bacterial pneumonia in guinea pigs?
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What can be an indication of gastrointestinal stasis in guinea pigs?
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Ovarian cysts commonly seen in female guinea pigs typically occur between the ages of _____.
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What is a common clinical sign of malocclusion in guinea pigs?
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Guinea pigs are prone to urolithiasis, which are urinary stones.
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What is a method of anesthetic delivery for guinea pigs?
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What should be avoided when anesthetizing guinea pigs?
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Study Notes
Mice Handling and Restraint Techniques
- Tail handling is the standard method for restraining mice.
- Observe animal's breathing and coloration during restraint.
- Forceps and scruff handling techniques are useful for brief procedures and physical exams.
- Health assessments may include ear-punching, oral gavage, blood collection, genotyping, and intraperitoneal injections.
Common Mouse Strains
- BALB/cJ: Albino, immunodeficient with ease of breeding; minimal weight differences between males and females.
- C57BL/6: Black, well-characterized inbred strain with stable genetic traits; often referred to as "Black 6."
- NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/J: Mutant strain exhibiting severe combined immune deficiency.
- DBA/2J: Widely used inbred strain relevant in research on cardiovascular and neurobiology.
Procedure Techniques and Dosages
- Chemical Restraint: Use gas anesthetics (e.g., isoflurane) or injectable sedatives (e.g., Ketamine/Xylazine).
- Dosages: For intraperitoneal injections, dosage includes Ketamine (80–100 mg/kg), Xylazine (8-12 mg/kg), and Buprenorphine (0.3 mg/kg).
Blood Collection Methods
- Injection sites include IM (thigh muscles), IV (tail vein under tension), and intracardiac methods under anesthesia.
- Maximum blood volume collected should not exceed 10% of total blood volume, following proper recovery times.
Guinea Pig Handling and Environment
- Diet: Commercial guinea pig diet with Vitamin C available ad libitum.
- Housing Conditions: Ambient temperature of 20–26°C, 30-70% humidity, 12-h light/dark cycle.
- Restraint techniques include grasping, restraint bags, and towel wrapping for specific procedures.
Common Guinea Pig Diseases
-
Fur Mites: Tiny parasites causing itching, hair loss, and potential anemia.
- Diagnosis involves clinical and microscopic examinations, and treatment includes macrocyclic lactones.
-
Ringworm: Contagious fungal infection leading to bald patches and crusted lesions.
- Treated with antifungal medications and lime sulfur dips.
-
Pododermatitis (Bumblefoot): Infection caused by poor habitat leading to foot pad issues.
- Signs include wounds, limping, and crusted scabs.
Clinical Signs and Treatment Protocols
- Blood volume in guinea pigs is about 7% of body weight; maximum blood collection per session based on body weight.
- Bacterial pneumonia in guinea pigs is caused by Bordetella spp and can lead to serious symptoms like oozing and sneezing; immediate medical attention required.
Medication Administration
- Oral gavage is used for precise dosing, utilizing 18-20 gauge feeding tubes.
- Local anesthetics (e.g., Bupivacaine) are administered alongside general anesthetics before surgical procedures.
Ethical Considerations
- Carcasses must be disposed of properly; they should not be thrown in the trash, and proper identification of bags containing remains is essential.
- The use of anesthesia and analgesics is critical in minor and major surgical procedures to minimize pain and stress on the animals.### Diagnosis of Health Issues in Guinea Pigs
- Heavy shedding can indicate health issues in guinea pigs.
- Diagnostic tools include X-rays, trichograms from hair plucks, tape strips of skin cells, skin cytology, fungal culture, bacterial culture, and skin biopsy.
Viral Pneumonia in Guinea Pigs
- Caused by guinea pig adenovirus (GPAdV), affecting young and old guinea pigs more severely.
- Clinical signs include fever, depression, loss of appetite, respiratory distress, crackling sounds, and nasal discharge.
- Diagnosis involves physical examinations and abdominal imaging.
- Treatment combines supportive care, fluid therapy, oxygen therapy, and antibiotics.
Slobbers (Malocclusion) in Guinea Pigs
- Malocclusion can originate from genetic factors or vitamin C deficiency.
- Signs include improper teeth alignment, weight loss, bleeding from the mouth, oral abscesses, and sinus infections.
- Prevention involves maintaining proper dental health and regular veterinary check-ups.
Gastrointestinal Problems in Guinea Pigs
- Gastrointestinal stasis can result from stress, inadequate fiber in diet, dehydration, or blockage.
- Clinical signs include decreased or absent feces, anorexia, bruxism, pain upon abdominal palpation, and dehydration.
Ovarian Cysts in Female Guinea Pigs
- Cystic rete ovarii appears in females aged 2-4 years, with clinical signs such as symmetric hair loss, crusty nipples, irritability, and weight loss.
- Diagnosis includes physical examination, X-ray, ultrasound, and urine tests.
- Treatment may require exploratory surgery, ultrasound-guided aspiration, and administering NSAIDs for pain management.
Bordetella Infections
- Bordetella bronchiseptica can cause respiratory infections in guinea pigs, marked by ruffled fur and anorexia.
- Diagnosis includes direct culture, ELISA, and PCR tests.
- Supportive care and antibiotics tailored to culture sensitivity are key treatments.
Urolithiasis (Urinary Stones)
- Common in middle-aged to older guinea pigs, urinary stones can cause bloody urine and strain during urination.
- Clinical signs include vocalization and pain indicators like teeth grinding.
- Treatment options involve increased hydration, dietary adjustments, and surgical intervention for large stones.
Routes of Drug Administration in Guinea Pigs
- Various administration routes include subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, IV, retro-orbital, and intraperitoneal injections, all requiring specific techniques.
- Gavage feeding and acclimation protocols are crucial for proper handling and patient care.
Anesthesia and Pain Management
- Ketamine and xylazine or isoflurane are common anesthetics used for surgery.
- Pain indicators include reluctance to move, decreased appetite, and abnormal vocalizations. Various sedatives and analgesics such as NSAIDs or opioids may be employed for pain relief.
- Emergency resuscitation protocols involve stopping anesthetic exposure, providing warmth, and supplemental oxygen.
Laboratory Cats
- Cats are significant in neurological and cancer research, with careful attention to their housing needs, social interactions, and activity levels.
- Euthanasia may be necessary for tissue sampling after experiments.
- Physical restraint techniques include ring-grips, wraps, and the use of muzzles to ensure safety during handling.
Anesthesia Considerations for Laboratory Cats
- Anesthesia requires knowledge of safe drug doses and effects, often employing injectable anesthetics like ketamine and tranquilizers.
- The necessity for pre-anesthetic fasting and specific blood sampling techniques in various venous sites is critical for research protocols.
- Physical restraint practices, such as the half-burrito wrap, help maintain control while minimizing stress for the animal.### Exudate in the Ear
- White specks may indicate the presence of mites in ear exudate.
- Definitive diagnosis involves microscopy after smearing the exudate on a slide.
- Daily cleaning with mineral oil for 10-14 days aids management.
- A single treatment of 400 micrograms ivermectin/kg body weight (SubQ) is often effective.
- Colony-wide treatment and sanitation are recommended to prevent recurrence.
Core Vaccines for Cats
- FVRCP Vaccine: Combined vaccine protecting against feline viral rhinotracheitis, calicivirus, and panleukopenia.
- Rabies Vaccine: Essential for rabies prevention.
- Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) Vaccine: Recommended for kittens; provides protection against FeLV.
Non-Core Cat Vaccines
- FeLV Vaccine: Used for at-risk populations.
- Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) Vaccine: Offers protection against FIV.
- Chlamydophila Felis Vaccine: Prevents respiratory disease.
- Bordetella Vaccine: Protects against Bordetella infection.
Common Injection Sites for Vaccines
- Subcutaneous and intramuscular injections are common.
- Ideal IM sites include quadriceps, lumbodorsal muscle, and triceps.
- Avoid administering injectables in the interscapular region.
Diseases of the Gastrointestinal System
- Diarrhea manifests as unformed or loose stools, often with increased frequency.
- Causes include infectious agents (bacteria, viruses, parasites) and non-infectious irritants (toxic plants, chemicals).
- Dietary changes, intolerances, and allergies can also result in diarrhea.
- Clinical signs include mucus or blood in stool, increased defecation frequency, straining, and signs of nausea.
Dermatomycosis (Ringworm)
- Caused by the fungus Microsporum canis, leading to skin lesions like hair loss and scabs.
- Diagnosis through clinical signs, culture, or microscopic examination.
- Treatment typically involves antifungal medications such as griseofulvin or itraconazole.
Feline Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
- Characterized by inflammation of the intestinal wall due to infection, allergies, or genetics.
- Symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, and decreased appetite.
- Diagnosis involves history, physical examination, lab work, and imaging.
Urinary Incontinence in Cats
- Involuntary leakage of urine can be congenital or acquired.
- Common causes: urethral blockage, bladder infections, or neurological disorders.
- Symptoms include abnormal urination behaviors and urine found outside litter box.
Feline Idiopathic Cystitis (FIC)
- A common condition causing bladder inflammation; diagnosed by ruling out other causes.
- Abdominal pain, frequent urination, and signs of distress are typical symptoms.
- Diagnosis includes urinalysis, imaging, and blood tests for underlying conditions.
Hamster Care
- Hamsters belong to the subfamily Cricetinae; two primary species are Syrian and Chinese hamsters.
- Breeding occurs in late spring and autumn; they are crepuscular, staying in burrows during the day.
- Cages should be at least 19x19 inches with daily feed of 10-15g and water intake of 9-12ml.
Gender Identification in Hamsters
- Anogenital distance is used to identify gender; shorter in females.
- Handling requires care; grasp the skin around the head and shoulders for transfer.
Drug Administration Routes for Hamsters
- Subcutaneous, intramuscular, and, less commonly, intravenous routes may be used for medications.
- Voluntary oral intake is preferred; unpalatable medications should be masked with sugar or syrup.
Sample Collection Techniques
- Important to assess species, size, and health status before blood collection.
- Acclimatization of 3 days is recommended for rodents before procedures.
- Recognize signs of shock (pale mucus membranes, steady pulse) and anemia (pale tissues, exercise intolerance).
Analgesics and Anesthetics Used
- Various types of analgesics including lidocaine are essential for managing pain and discomfort.
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Description
This quiz covers the taxonomy and classification of mice, focusing specifically on the C57BL/6J strain. It also discusses standard handling techniques such as tail handling. Test your knowledge on these crucial aspects of mouse studies.
