lab animal reports.pdf

Reporting studies. Its distinct genetic makeup often prompts comparisons with the C57BL/6J strain. Mice Handling and Restraint Ha...

Reporting studies. Its distinct genetic makeup often prompts comparisons with the C57BL/6J strain. Mice Handling and Restraint Handling Technique: Tail handling is the standard approach in many Taxonomy and Classification: laboratories and institutions. Kingdom: Animalia Always pay attention to the animal’s breathing and Phylum: Chordata color during restraint. Class: Mammalia Forceps restraint- Used for short-term procedures such as transferring animals to a new cage. Order: Rodentia Scruff restraint- It can be done by one-hand or two- Family: Muridae hand technique. Genus: Mus Application : health assessment, ear-punching, oral Species: The species Mus musculus, commonly known gavage, submandibular blood collection, genotyping as the house mouse, is renowned as one of the most (tail snip) and IP injections (Tuberculin 1cc syringe, 25g extensively researched and recognized species within needle(s) *Max Volume is 10ml/kg*) the Mus genus, which comprises more than 30 distinct Scruff restraint (One-hand technique) - The one-hand species. method places you at greater risk for being bitten Common Strain of Mice Scruff restraint (Two-hand technique)- Hold the mouse 1. BALB/cJ by the base of the tail and remove it from its cage. Type: Inbred Tent Restraint- This hold is commonly used for SC injections (max volume of 2-3cc) The BALB/c strain is an albino, immunodeficient mouse strain known for its ease of breeding and minimal Plexi glass restrainers (tube restrainer)- the mouse is weight differences between males and females. placed in the restrainer either tail or head first. 2. C57BL/6 tail injections (using 1cc Syringe and 27-30g needle(s) Max Volume 0.2ml/kg), , tail warming, and easy access Type: Inbred, black to animal body for other types of injections. The 57BL/6 mice, commonly referred to as "C57 black Decapicone (Saphenous hold)- The animal is placed 6" or simply "Black 6" and abbreviated as 'B6', offer the nose first into the cone, then the plastic is secured benefits of stable strain characteristics and behind them with a twist-tie or tape. straightforward breeding. This hold is commonly used for saphenous vein blood 3. NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/J sampling or IM injection Type: Mutant Strain (Spontaneous Mutant) Chemical Restraint- achieved by using a gas anesthesia These mice are homozygous for the severe combined such as isoflurane or by a type of injectable sedation immune deficiency spontaneous mutation (Prkdcscid). such as Ketamine/Xylazine mix. 4. DBA/2J Dosage Type: Inbred Mix: Ketamine 80–100 mg/kg Xylazine 8– DBA/2J is a widely utilized inbred strain with 10 mg/kg significance in various research domains such as Buprenorphine 0.3 mg/kg cardiovascular biology, neurobiology, and sensorineural Tribromoethanol 250–300 mg/kg Carprofen 4 mg/kg Maximum volume to be injected in adult mice may be as much as 62 μl but it is recommended that the volume Ketamine 100 mg/kg is kept to 30 μl per nostril. Xylazine 10 mg/kg Intracranial- Via a surgically implanted cerebral cannula, Administration:IP Via direct injection, Via osmotic pump catheter Sexing of pups – checking of the ano-genital distance Intrathoracic administration- Any compound administered percutaneously into the chest requires (female – shorter distance; male – longer distance) animal to be placed under anesthesia. Vaginal plug – indication that a female mice has been Intracardiac administration- Any compound mated; typically lasts for 16-24 hrs but may reach 48 hrs administered percutaneously or directly via an open Signs of Pregnancy chest into the heart requires animal to be placed under general anesthesia.  Increased food intake Osmotic pumps- Used for continuous administration  Increase in size of abdomen including SC, IP, IV and IA or to specific organs.  Prominent Mammary gland Blood Collection Injection sites- IM injections are administered in the  Purpose of Blood Collection: thigh muscles of the hind limb.  Research Purposes Manual restraint  Diagnostic Purposes Subcutaneous injection (SC)  Pharmacokinetics Studies Use the scruff method to restrain the mouse.  Immunological Studies Intraperitoneal injection- Use the scruff method to restrain the mouse. Expose the animal's ventral side by An animal's blood volume is roughly 6-8% of its body turning the head down slightly. Insert the needle at a weight in grams. Up to 10% of an animal's blood volume 30° angle. can be safely drawn in a single collection. Intravenous injection (IV)- Restraint animal in a Recovery Time- is 3-4 weeks mechanical restrainer. With the tail under tension, Needle Size- Cardiac ( 25-22) Jugular (26-25) insert the needle, bevel up, approximately parallel to the vein and insert the needle at least 3 mm into the Tail Vein- (Approximately 0.1 ml vein. Orbital Sinus- General anesthesia (Hypnorm), Collect Intradermal injection- In order to perform intradermal amount up to 0.5ml injections, the mouse should be anesthetized. Cardiac Puncture- General anesthesia (Hypnorm), Administer substance slowly with a maximum volume of Collect amount up to 1 ml within a short period of time 100ul per injection site to avoid tissue trauma. Proper Saphenous Vein- This method is used of multiple injection results in a small, circular skin welt. samples are taken in the course of a day Retro-orbital injections- Discouraged in mice and must It can also be applied on rats, hamsters, gerbils and be justified in the IACUC protocol. Anesthesia is guinea-pigs, 100 microliters can be collected. (24 G 1” required for this procedure. needle) Upper Respiratory Tract – Intranasal- May require Oral Gavage anesthesia.   Oral gavage allow for more precise volume and NSAID dose delivery and faster peak of absorption of Injectibles- Meloxicam, Carprofen compounds. Local Anesthetic ( General Anesthesia)  18-20 gauge feeding tubes about 1.5 inches in length with a rounded/bulb tip. Lidocaine and Bupivacaine  The maximum dosing volume is 10 ml/kg for the Carcass Disposal mouse  Animal carcass must be disposed of properly.  Restraint method: Scruff restraint DO NOT throw carcasses in the trash. Non-painful procedures (e.g., imaging, restraint)  Laboratory Animal Resources (LAR) will accept small animals for incineration.  Isoflurane: 3-4% for induction and 1-3% for maintenance.  Carcasses must be sealed in a leak proof plastic bag.  Ketamine/xylazine: intraperitoneal dose at 70- 100 mg/kg ketamine + 5-12 mg/kg xylazine. If  Legibly identify the bag with the investigator's animals appear to be responding to touch or name and any biohazards. awakening, redose with 50% of the initial dose GUINEA PIG- Cavia porcellus of ketamine. Guinea pigs are fed a commercial guinea pig diet, Minor surgical procedures (e.g., skin biopsies, device containing Vitamin C, ad libitum daily. implantation in the subcutaneous space) Generally recommended environmental parameters for  Isoflurane +/- local anesthetic: 3-4% for housing guinea pigs include an ambient temperature of induction and 1-3% for maintenance. 20–26°C, relative humidity of 30%–70%, and a 12 h Administer the local anesthetic, prior to the light/12 h dark light cycle. procedure, at the incision site. Restraint  Ketamine/xylazine + Local anesthetic: dose at 70-100 mg/kg ketamine (IP) + 5-12 mg/kg Grasping xylazine (IP) and administer the local anesthetic, Restraint Bag- restrained for procedures like syringe prior to the procedure, at the incision site feeding, x-rays, dentistry, etc. Major surgical procedures (e.g., thoracotomies, Towel Wrapping- The guinea pigs' most stable restraint laparotomies, craniotomies, head caps) Blood Collection  Isoflurane + Bupivacaine: 3-4% for induction and 1-3% for maintenance. Administer the local Tarsal Vein- 23 gauge needle, Maximum volume (per anesthetic bupivacaine, prior to the procedure, sample) - 0.1 - 0.3 mL 24-hour period max at the incision site. Saphenous Vein- 23 gauge needle. Max volume is 0.5 %  Ketamine/xylazine/acepromazine + of animal’s body weight. Correspond to 0.05% body Bupivacaine: dose at 80-100 mg/kg Ketamine weight. (IP) + 8- 12 mg/kg Xylazine (IP) + 1-3mg/kg acepromazine (IP). Administer the local Ear Vein- max volume is 0.1 ml to 0.3 ml. 21 G needle or lancet to puncture the vein. anesthetic bupivacaine, prior to the procedure, at the incision site. Jugular Vein- Max volume 1- 25 ml a 25 G (or 23 G) Recommended Analgesic Drugs needle on a 1 ml syringe. Total blood volume of a guinea pig is 70 ml/kg or 7% of Narcotic total body weight or 7 ml/100 g body weight (BW). Buprenorphine A total of 1% of the animal's blood volume cannot be  Sucking Lice taken at once or in 24 hours. CLINICAL SIGNS 10 days recovery for 10% blood volume, 15 days recovery for 15% blood volume  Itching  Scratching Common Diseases of Integumentary System  Hair Loss FUR MITES  Irritated or Inflamed Skin  Restlessness or Discomfort Mites are tiny spider-like creatures that typically  Presence of Lice or Eggs (Nits) measure less than 1/50 of an inch (0.5 millimeters) in  Poor Coat Condition length.  Anemia (in severe cases)  Cheyletiella species DIAGNOSIS  Trixacarus caviae  Chirodiscoides caviae  Clinical Examination  Sarcoptes scabiei  Observation of Lice or Nits  Microscopic Examination CLINICAL SIGNS  Skin scrapings  Fur samples  Intense Itching  Additional Tests (if needed)  Hair Loss  Skin biopsies  Skin Irritation and Redness  Fungal cultures / Bacterial cultures  Dandruff-like Flakes  Restlessness and Discomfort TREATMENT  Scabs or crusts on the skin  Macrocyclic lactones  Weight Loss and Poor Coat Condition  Ivermectin DIAGNOSIS  Selamectin  NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)  Clinical Examinations  Meloxicam  Observation of Lice or Nits  Microscopic Examination Diazepam  Skin scrapings NOTE: Corticosteroids is not recommended  Fur samples  Additional Tests (if needed) RINGWORM  Skin biopsies Ringworm, scientifically known as dermatophytosis, is a  Fungal cultures / Bacterial cultures contagious skin infection caused by fungi. It derives its TREATMENT name from the ring-shaped rash that often appears on the infected area.  Macrocyclic lactones  Ivermectin  Trichophyton mentagrophyte  Selamectin CLINICAL SIGNS  Lime sulfur dip  Pyrethrin shampoo  Bald patches  Crusts at the edges of lesions. LICE  Roughened hair coat. Lice infestation, while less common than fur mites, can DIAGNOSIS occur in guinea pigs. Lice are small, wingless insects that feed on the skin and hair of animals.  Physical exam  Microscopic examination  Chewing Lice (Biting Lice)   Fungal culture PODODERMATITIS  Dermatophyte PCR Bumblefoot (also called pododermatitis) is a common TREATMENT and highly preventable foot issue that veterinarians treat in guinea pigs. Bumblefoot is an infection of a guinea  Topical: pig’s foot pad and is usually a result of inappropriate The following have been recommended: habitat conditions. 2% miconazole (Daktarin) cream applied daily CLINICAL SIGNS 0.2% enilconazole (Imaverol) dip  Scrapes, scratches, or any kind of open wound on an animal’s foot pad 2% chlorhexidine + 2% miconazole shampoo (Malaseb)  Crusted over or opened scabs 2% lime sulphur dips (Lime plus) applied weekly  Limping, or decreased or limited mobility  A reluctance to move around, run, or play  Systemic: DIAGNOSIS Itraconazole (Itrafungol) 5mg/kg/day. The veterinarian will evaluate the severity of bumblefoot ALOPECIA (HAIR LOSS) by inspecting the guinea pig’s feet and taking X-rays if Hair loss is a decrease in the normal amount of hair or fur necessary that a guinea pig has. It occurs when the hair that should TREATMENT be somewhere on guinea pig falls out.  Antibiotics CAUSES  Medicated foot baths  Mite infestation Respiratory Common Diseases  Lice infestation  Ringworm (fungal) infection Bacterial Pneumonia  Barbering (chewing hair) Pneumonia, or inflammation of the lungs, is a frequent  Ovarian cysts cause of death in guinea pigs.  Scurvy (vitamin C deficiency)  Pregnancy  Bordetella bronchiseptica  Postpartum  Streptococcus pneumonia Infection CLINICAL SIGNS Clinical Signs: oozing, sneezing, and difficulty breathing. In addition, guinea pigs with pneumonia may have  Bald patches of skin conjunctivitis, fever, weight loss, depression, or loss of  Thin hair coat appetite. Sudden death can occur when outbreaks occur  Excess fur in the cage among groups of guinea pigs.  Heavy shedding when being pet Diagnosis: DIAGNOSIS  X-ray  Trichograms from hair plucks  Bacterial Culture  Tape strips of skin cells Treatment and Prevention:  Skin cytology  Fungal culture  Fluid therapy  Bacterial culture  Oxygen therapy  Skin biopsy  Vitamin C  Ultrasound  Antibiotics (chloramphenicol palmitate (30-50  X-rays mg/kg PO q12h × 7-21 days) and trimethoprim-  sulfa (30-50 mg/kg PO q12h × 7 days), and DIAGNOSIS enrofloxacin (5-10 mg/kg q12h × 7-21 days)  Thorough physical examination Viral Pneumonia in Guinea Pigs  Abdominal imaging (radiographs/ultrasound) Guinea pigs are prone to infection with a specific type of TREATMENT adenovirus, the guinea pig adenovirus (GPAdV), which may cause respiratory symptoms. This occurs more often Comprehensive supportive care aggressive fluid in guinea pigs that are young or old hydration Adenovirus Infection  pain management  assisted nutrition Clinical Signs: Animals should be kept warm in a dark, quiet place to  Fever minimize stress  Depression or dull demeanor SLOBBERS  Loss of appetite and weight loss  Respiratory distress (dyspnea) Guinea pigs drool  Crackling sound when breathing due to Malocclusion congestion (rales)  Nasal discharge it may be inherited or due to lack of vitamin C, injury, or imbalances of certain minerals in the diet. Treatment and Prevention CLINICAL SIGNS Same as Bacterial Pneumonia  Improper alignment of teeth Properly cleaning the cages, changing soiled bedding  Weight loss material routinely, and maintaining a hygienic living  Bleeding from the mouth environment for your guinea pigs is essential to prevent this disease from occurring.  Oral abscesses  Sinus infections COMMON DISEASES OF GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM  Difficulty eating GASTROINTESTINAL STASIS DIAGNOSIS  Any disease condition can initiate  Physical examination gastrointestinal motility problems.  Dietary history  Inadequate dietary fiber  Physical/emotional stress TREATMENT  Dehydration  Some teeth may need to be clipped or filed to  Gastrointestinal blockage help the pet’s jaw close properly. CLINICAL SIGNS  Calcium/ Mineral Supplement  Decreased or absent fecal material COMMON DISEASES OF UROGENITAL SYSTEM  Anorexia OVARIAN CYSTS  Bruxism  Pain with abdominal palpation Ovarian serous cystadenoma or, more specifically cystic rete ovarii a commonly seen.  Decreased GI sounds  Dehydration Cystic ovaries start to occur in female guinea pigs aged 2-  Abdominal distention 4 years old, various.  Gastric sympathy CLINICAL SIGNS  Symmetric hair loss in the flank region  Stop eating  Crusty nipples  Lose weight  Irritable or seeming uncomfortable in their DIAGNOSIS abdomen  Physical examination  Guinea pigs with large cysts may shows  X-ray can confirm - Anorexia  Ultrasound - Depression  Urine sample to check for calcium-containing - Lethargy crystals and signs of urinary tract infections DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT  Ovarian cyst can generally be confirmed by  Pain is managed with nonsteroidal anti- palpation inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioids, tramadol,  Abdominal ultrasounds or gabapentin.  Radiographs  Stones smaller than 5mm may be able to pass TREATMENT given the diameter of the urethra. Stones  Exploratory abdominal surgery formed in the urethral orifice of sows can be  Ultrasound-guided aspiration manually removed under general anesthesia. PREVENTION  Surgery is considered for large or painful stones Ovarian cysts can be prevented by having your guine pig PREVENTION sterilized (de-sexed) before they occur Increased water consumption and reduced calcium BORDETELLA BACTERIA AFFECTING THE GENITALS consumption. Genital infections in guinea pigs caused by Bordetella Routes of Administration in Guinea Pigs bronchiseptica are rare but can occur. A diastema describes a gap between the teeth CLINICAL SIGNS Subcutaneous Administration ( 45 degree) 23-26G x  Ruffled fur 13mm, 2 - 5 mL/kg* Maximum of 4 sites per session  Anorexia Intradermal Administration (15-20 degree angle) 25-  They may also have mucopurulent and catarrhal 30G x 13mm exudate at the nares Intramuscular Administration (90° angle) 25-30G x DIAGNOSIS 13mm  Diagnosed through direct culture IV Administration  ELISA Lateral Saphenous V. - lateral saphenous vein 25-30G x  PCR suspect bacterial colonies is also possible 13- 25mm TREATMENT Retro-orbital Plexus - Introduce the needle into the  Supportive therapy medial canthus of the eye at a 45° angle, between  Antibiotheraphy (based on bacterial culture and the globe and the eye bony orbit. sensitivity testing) Intraperitoneal Administration- 45° angle or lower to UROLITHIASIS the skin. 23-26G x 25mm Urinary stones, also known as uroliths are common in Gavage- Do not inject more than the maximum volume guinea pigs, most typically occurring in middle-aged to (10ml/kg of body weight =0.1ml/10g of body older pets. These stones are rock- hard masses of weight). Then pull straight out with a steady minerals that have crystallized in the urine. motion. CLINICAL SIGNS - 16-18G x 70- 100mm with rounded ball end;  Bloody urine soft rubber or flexible plastic tube 1.5-6 mm in diameter. 10 - 20 mL/kg  Strain to urinate which sometimes the owner Acclimation Periods- Newly arrived animals should be often thinks its constipation acclimated for at least 72 hours prior to use.  Other signs that can indicate pain and Pre-Anesthetic Fasting- Performed for 2-3 hours prior to discomfort include loudly grinding teeth anesthesia.  Hunched posture  Vocalizing while urinating  Exceptions include: debilitated animals, animals with Pancuronium (Pavulon)- 0.06 mg/kg hepatic dysfunction, young animals, and animals The most commonly used local anesthetics are listed during late pregnancy. below along with the maximum safe total doses for Cheek Flushing- Cheeks should be gently rinsed with tap most species are: water (10-20 ml) prior to induction.  Lidocaine: 4 mg/kg (0.4 ml/kg of a 1% solution) Methods of Anesthetic Delivery for Guinea Pigs  Bupivacaine: 1-2 mg/kg (0.4-0.8 ml/kg of a  Parenteral Administration- IV is not the preferred 0.25% solution) route of drug administration. Signs of Pain  Endotracheal Intubation  Reluctance to move - Very difficult in guinea pigs due to their small  Decreased appetite size and unique oro-pharyngeal anatomy  Vocalization  Chamber Anesthesia  Lethargy - Method of choice for gas anesthesia induction  Ungroomed hair coat as minimal restraint needed and no resistance  Elevated respiratory rate to breathing.  Abnormal posturing  Face mask Anesthesia- Method of choice for gas  Weight loss anesthesia maintenance.  Hypersensitivity Thermal support is critical to their recovery  Social isolation Preferred General Anesthetics  Licking / scratching of painful area Isoflurane  Elevated heart rate Ketamine + Xylazine- Ketamine 50 mg/kg IP plus ULAM veterinary staff recommends administration of Xylazine 5 mg/kg IP. Produces 60-90 minutes of buprenorphine or an NSAID (non-steroidal anti- anesthesia. inflammatory drug). Sedatives (Pre-medication or sedation only) OPIOIDS Midazolam 1 - 2 mg/kg IM or SC (sedation) Buprenorphine 0.05 mg/kg SC 6-12 Hours Diazepam 1 - 5 mg/kg IM or SC (sedation) Butorphanol 2 mg/kg SC 4 Hours Alfaxalone 20 mg/kg SC Morphine 2 - 5 mg/kg SC 4 Hours Alfaxalone+Dexmedetomidine+Buprenorphine NSAIDS 15 mg/kg alfax + 0.25 mg/kg dexmed + 0.05 mg/kg Carprofen 4 mg/kg SC/IM 24 Hours bupren SC Ketoprofen 1 mg/kg SC/IM 12-24 Hours Anti-cholingergics (Pre-medication) Meloxicam 0.1 - 0.3 mg/kg SC/PO 24 Hours Atropine 0.05 mg/kg SC or IM Emergency Resuscitation Glycopyrrolate 0.01 - 0.02 mg/kg SC or IM Supportive care for animals that have reached a deep Barbiturates- Pentobarbital Not Recommended plane of anesthesia includes: 15 - 30 mg/kg IP  Discontinuing exposure to inhalant anesthetics Injectable Anesthetics and Tranquilizers  Raising the body temperature to normal Ketamine + Xylazine Recommended 50 mg/kg ket. + 5  Providing supplemental oxygen through a mask mg/kg xyl. IM or IP or Ketamine + Dexmedetomidine 40 mg/kg ket. + 0.25  nose cone, and; mg/kg dexmed. IM or IP  Administering reversal agents, if available. Ketamine + Midazolam 20 - 50 mg/kg ket. + 2 mg/kg FELINE LABORATORY ANIMAL mid. IM or IP KINGDOM: ANIMALIA Ketamine + Diazepam 20 - 50 mg/kg ket. + 3 - 5 mg/kg PHYLUM: CHORDATA dia. IM or IP CLASS: MAMMALIA Telazol® (Tiletamine + Zolazepam) 20 - 40 mg/kg IP ORDER: CARNIVORA Neuromuscular Blocking Agents FAMILY: FELIDAE Require endotracheal intubation and use of a mechanical ventilator for respiratory control  Normal Temperature: 38°C to 39.2°C Atracurium besylate- 0.05 - 0.1mg/kg  Pulse Rate: 140-220 beats per minute  Estrous cycle: every 2 to 3 weeks  Cat muzzles: A muzzle applied to a cat has several  Gestation period: 63-65 days advantages:  Weaning age: 6-8 weeks Less likely to get bitten during restraint when placed  Mating age: 5-6 months properly  Litters: 4-5 kittens Distracts the cat- Cat cannot see / hiding sensation  Room Temperature: 20-25°C Protective gloves: Heavy leather gloves (that extend to  Humidity: 40-60% cover the forearm) can be used by a restrainer to avoid  Weight: 8- 10 pounds being bitten, or scratched when handling fractious Cats are frequently used in neurology research to study animals. spinal cord injury, as well as problems related to vision, Restraint bag: Feline restraint bag (cat bag) is normally sleep, and hearing. used to restrict the movement of the cat and also to They are also used to study cancer, genetic disorders, protect the handler from scratches. and SARS-CoV. Research on cat leucosis E-collar: It is used to keep the mouth away from the Good welfare is related to the breadth of the handler though because cats are more agile. behavioural repertoire individuals are allowed to CHEMICAL RESTRAINT perform, which requires knowledge of specie specific Anaesthesia – drug-induced state of unconsciousness behaviors and needs. that is characterised by depression of the central Housing And Care Of Laboratory Cats nervous system and varying degrees of analgesia. The five main elements of the design of cat housing in Tranquillisation – a state of behavioural change, research laboratories (adapted from Bloomsmith et al., wherein anxiety is relieved, behavioural responses 1991) are as follows: suppressed and the animal is relaxed but aware of Physical its surroundings. Social Blood Sampling Cephalic Vein- either sitting or in sternal Sensory recumbency Occupational Sampling Jugular Vein- either sitting or in sternal Nutritional recumbency FEEDING Blood Sampling Saphenous Vein- The cat is held in The amount of food provided to experimental cats may lateral recumbency. depend on the goals of the experiments. ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION Laboratory cats may need to be euthanized at the end  TOPICAL ROUTE of an experiment to collect tissue and blood samples for it used for local treatment of skin, control of external scientific investigations or during an experiment, when and internal parasites, and transdermal delivery of levels of pain, distress, or suffering are likely to exceed therapeutic agents. the designated level. insecticidal and acaracidal PHYSICAL RESTRAINT- RING GRIP  ORAL ROUTE  Cats amendable to minimal restraint can be There are several methods for oral administration of held using a “ring-grip” just below the chin, with compounds including: your body behind the cat to prevent him from - Incorporation of compound into the drinking backing up. water or food.  Three-finger hold- This can be used as an - Administration by syringe. alternative to scruffing. The entire hand is used - Administration of pills in the restraint, positioned so that three fingers - Gavage. remain on the top of the cat’s head.  PARENTERAL ROUTE  Half-burrito wrap, leaving cat’s head and neck - Intravascular- The most common site is the exposed cephalic vein that runs along the forward  The scarf wrap, leaves the cat’s front and hind surface of the lower forelimb. end accessible but also allows the handler to - Intramascular- The large muscles on the back of decrease the movement of the cat without the rear legs or the musculature on the sides of applying a scruff. the spinal column.  - Subcutaneous- Dorsum (top) of the neck and EAR MITES back. cat ear mites (Otodectes cynotis) - Intradermal- It is not frequently used in cats. causes irritation to ear canal usually lateral cervical region and the lateral infested cats scratch ears and have excessive black aspects of the thorax. exudate in the ear Consideration of Administration of Substance white specks may be seen moving over the surface of  Age and life stage the exudate  Health status definitive diagnosis:  Agent exposure smearing exudate on a slide and observing under low-  History power microscopy for the mite  Immunodeficiency daily cleaning with mineral oil for 10-14 days CORE VACCINES single treatment with 400 microgram ivermectin/kg BW  FVRCP Vaccine SubQ are usually effective  Rabies Vaccine colony wide treatment and sanitation should be  Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) Vaccine (Kittens) explored to reduce the possibility of recurrence NON-CORE CAT VACCINES DISEASES OF GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM  Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) Vaccine Diarrhea is unformed or loose stools, usually with increased amount and frequency.  Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) Vaccine Infectious agents, such as bacteria, viruses, coccidia,  Chlamydophila Felis Vaccine and intestinal worms (hookworms, roundworms,  Bordetella Vaccine whipworms), or non-infectious irritants, such as COMMON INJECTION SITES chemical toxins or poisonous plants  Subcutaneous Injections Changes in diet, food intolerances, or allergies to  Intramuscular Injections specific ingredients in a diet can also be responsible for appropriate sites for IM: diarrhea. - Quadriceps Clinical Signs: - Lumbodorsal muscle  Mucus or blood in the stool  Triceps muscle  Worms in the stool  Intravenous Injections  Defecating with increased frequency  Cephalic  Straining to defecate  lateral saphenous veins  having unhealthy-looking stools (usually loose or  medial saphenous and femoral veins watery in appearance) Vaccines (particularly adjuvanted products) or other  Nausea or vomiting injectables should not be administered into the  Loss of appetite interscapular region.  Tiredness or weakness DISEASES OF INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM  Abdominal pain DERMATOPHYTOSIS (RINGWORM) dermal infection with a fungus caused by Microsporum canis  Weight loss Infection may be subclinical or characterized DIAGNOSIS: by hair loss, reddening of skin, and crusts or Veterinarians may use several tools to determine the scabs on face, ears, and forelimbs cause of your cat's diarrhea: diagnosis is made by clinical appearance, culture of  The cat's medical history hairs at the lesion margins on dermatophyte test media  A physical examination (DTM) or by microscopic examination of lesion scrapings  Basic lab work (blood work, fecal exam) mounted on 10% KOH  Gastrointestinal function tests (blood tests) infect humans as well  Endoscopy/colonoscopy and biopsy (to retrieve a treatment: tissue sample) griseofulvin  Medication trials (assessing a response to itraconazole medication)   Food trials (assessing a response to certain Congenital causes are seen when the anatomy of the foods) bladder or urethra did not correctly develop when the TREATMENT: cat was in the womb.  withhold food for up to 24 hours or to feed small Acquired quantities of a veterinary diet for gastrointestinal Injury to the spine or vertebrae can affect the nerves in problems. the bladder or sphincter.  Anti-diarrheal agents, de-wormers, and/or Urethral blockage is the most common cause seen in probiotics (bacteria that support intestinal health) cats. may be prescribed. Clinical Signs Feline Inflammatory Bowel Disease Not squatting or in position to urinate It is a condition in which inflammatory cells penetrate Cat unaware of urination the wall of the intestine, causing the gastrointestinal Urine found in bed during sleep or rest (GI) tract to become inflamed (irritated and swollen). Pain during urination Causes: Reoccurring urination in certain areas of the house  bacterial infection Urine staining or smell near the urethral opening (under  parasitic infection with worms or single- celled the tail). parasites Diagnosis  an allergy or intolerance to a specific protein in the  URINALYSIS - to check the status of the urine itself diet genetic factors. present in the urine. Clinical Signs  BLOOD CHEMISTRY - Blood cell counts may be  Frequent vomiting altered with an infection.  Chronic diarrhea  RADIOGRAPHS, ULTRASOUND, OR ENDOSCOPE -  Blood in the stool can be used to look at the anatomy of the bladder  Weight loss and urethra.  Decreased appetite Treatment  Lethargy  Treatment of urinary incontinence in cats is based  Mucus in the stool on the underlying cause.  Bloating  Medications, supportive care, and symptomatic treatment may be tried.  Straining in the litterbox Diagnosis  Antibiotics are needed to remove any infection that was found. Prazosin is a commonly prescribed  X-rays medication in cats.  Urinalysis Surgical Repair - Depending on the cause of the urinary  Complete blood count incontinence, surgery could be an option. A bladder  Fecal analysis stone must be removed if it is causing bladder or  Biochemistry profile urethral irritation. Treatment and Prevention Prevention and Control Management  Deworming  Weight Management- Is key to preventing many  Diet diseases, including feline lower urinary tract disease  Vitamin B12 and diabetes. Be aware of your cat’s body condition  Immunosuppressive medications score Diseases of the Urogenital System  Food Quality and Type- Lower-quality food has been Urinary Incontinence linked to urinary tract diseases. The concentration Is the involuntary (accidental) leakage of urine. In cats, of certain electrolytes affects the pH of the urine, it can be a congenital (birth defect) or acquired allowing crystals and stones to form. (occurring later in life) problem with either storing urine  Canned food has also been linked to decreasing or urinating. occurrence of feline urinary tract disease. Causes of Urinary Incontinence in Cats FELINE IDIOPATHIC CYSTITIS (FIC) Congenital  is a common condition in cats that affects the  Blood tests (complete blood cell count and serum urinary bladder. chemistries)  FIC is a form of lower urinary tract disease that  Complete urinalysis causes bladder inflammation and dysuria (painful or  Urine culture and antibiotic sensitivity tests difficult urination) in cats.  Abdominal radiographs (to assess bladder  Previously, it was referred to as Idiopathic Feline abnormalities or stones) Lower Urinary Tract Disease (iFLUTD). HAMSTER When the cause of cystitis—inflammation of the The hamster is a small rodent that is widely distributed bladder—in cats remains unknown despite thorough in many places of the Eurasian continent. diagnostic evaluation, it is referred to as feline Hamsters are rodents (order Rodentia) belonging to the idiopathic cystitis (FIC). subfamily Cricetinae, which contains 19 species It was recently suggested that FIC is part of a larger classified in seven genera. disorder that could be termed Pandora syndrome. Two types of hamsters serve as laboratory animals: Cause  Syrian or golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) Conditions that must be ruled out first include:  Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus)  Bladder stones, crystals, and urethral plugs They have a high reproductive capacity, and the  Bladder infections breeding season is in late spring and early autumn.  Trauma Hamsters are more crepuscular than nocturnal and, in  Neurologic disorders affecting bladder function the wild, remain underground during the day to avoid  Anatomic abnormalities being caught by predators.  Neoplasia (tumors of the urinary tract) Cages for hamsters should be at least 19 x 19 inches Some predisposing factors include: square and 6 inches high.  Overweight body condition Daily feed consumption: 10–15g  Restricted outdoor access Daily water consumption: 9–12ml  Decreased activity level GENDER IDENTIFICATION  Lack of perches or hiding spaces  Anogenital Distance- This is the distance between  Multi-cat households the genital openings (penile opening in male  Inter-cat aggression hamsters; vaginal and urinary openings in females)  Dry food diet and the anus. This distance is much shorter in females than males.  Nervous disposition HANDLING AND RESTRAINT  More common in young to middle-aged cats, with  Handling when transferring- To move a hamster to a male cats being over- represented. new cage, simply scoop it up in your hand. Clinical Sign Cats with FIC exhibit symptoms similar to other urinary  Grasping- Grasp the skin of the hamster around the diseases: head, neck and shoulders. DRUG ADMINISTRATION  Straining to urinate Injection Routes  Bloody or discolored urine  Subcutaneous Route  Frequent urination  Location: loose skin over the shoulder area (scruff).  Urinating in unusual locations  Volume: 3-4 ml  Inability to urinate, especially in male cats (this is a  Gauge: 23-25G  critical emergency, and immediate veterinary Should be limited to 3 sites per day. attention is crucial).  Intraperitoneal Route Diagnosis  Location: lower abdomen near the navel in either  FIC is diagnosed by eliminating known causes of right or left quadrant abnormal urination.  Volume: 3-4ml  Diagnostic tests may include:  Gauge: 23-25G  Thorough medical history and physical examination Should be limited twice per day  Intramuscular Route Male: 2.9 - 4.5 ml  Location: Quadriceps or gluteal muscles Female: 3.3 - 5.2 ml  Volume: 0.05 ml Percent of total blood volume will be lower (-15%) in  Gauge: 26G needle sick, obese, and older animals Should be limited to 2 sites per day. No more than 1% of the animal’s blood volume in one  Intravenous Route collection or over a 24-hour period.  Location: femoral or jugular vein - 7.5% of the total blood volume collected, allow  Volume: 0.3ml 1 week recovery  Gauge: 25-27G needle - 10% of the total blood volume collected, allow 2 Not commonly used for hamsters weeks recovery Oral Administration - 15% of the total blood volume collected, allow 4  Voluntary Consumption- Medications can be weeks recovery administered orally by mixing the substance in the Blood Collection Sites drinking water or in food. Saphenous Vein- At an angle of 30°, 27G needle Retro-orbital Plexus or peri-orbital, posterior-orbital and  Unpalatable medication needs addition of sugar or orbital plexus bleeding- Glass capillary tube or Pasteur syrup so that the animal does not avoid drinking the Pipette water. Jugular Vein- Anesthesia is required. The needle is  Gavage- Ball-tip feeding needle; 18G; 1mm introduced 5 mm below the place where the jugular diameter; 4 inches 05-1.0 ml maximum volume vein is identified and pushed through the pectoral administered Limit oral gavage to once per day. muscle. 27G needle SAMPLE COLLECTION Cardiac Puncture- Terminal (Non-survival) 23G needle Factors to consider when determining the appropriate Signs of Shock and Anemia blood collection volume and technique. It is essential to be able to recognize the clinical signs of  Species to be sampled shock and anemia and be able to take appropriate  Size of the animal action.  Age and health of the animal Signs of hypovolemic shock  Volume required for analysis - Fast and steady pulse  Frequency of sampling - Pale and dry mucus membranes  Suitability of sedation or anesthesia - Cold skin  Training and personnel experience. - Hyperventilation Acclimatization- Rodent species should have a minimum - Sub-normal body temperature acclimation period of 3 days (72 hours) prior to use in Signs of anemia survival surgery or long-term experiments - Pale mucous membranes of the conjunctiva or Restraint- Necessary to prevent movement that may inside the mouth, pale tongue, gums, etc. result in laceration of a blood vessel and serious - Exercise intolerance complications. Can be physical or chemical based on the - Increased respiratory rate when at rest. species and site. ANALGESICS AND ANESTHETICS USED Volume Analgesia 10% of body weight = total blood volume Lidocaine-