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Questions and Answers
What is the main purpose of pasteurization?
What is the main purpose of pasteurization?
- To reduce the number of viable pathogen (correct)
- To improve the nutritional value of food
- To enhance the flavor of beverages
- To extend the shelf life of food
What temperature and time duration did Louis Pasteur find to be effective in pasteurization?
What temperature and time duration did Louis Pasteur find to be effective in pasteurization?
- 62.8°C for half an hour (correct)
- 70°C for 15 minutes
- 80°C for 2 hours
- 60°C for 1 hour
What was the prevailing belief about disease before the Germ Theory of Disease?
What was the prevailing belief about disease before the Germ Theory of Disease?
- Disease was caused by bad air
- Disease was caused by invisible microorganisms
- Disease was a punishment for one's sins (correct)
- Disease was caused by poor nutrition
Who applied the Germ Theory of Disease to medical procedures?
Who applied the Germ Theory of Disease to medical procedures?
What was the significance of the discovery of yeast's role in fermentation?
What was the significance of the discovery of yeast's role in fermentation?
What is the term for the process of heating a food to a specific temperature for a definite length of time to reduce spoilage and kill bacteria?
What is the term for the process of heating a food to a specific temperature for a definite length of time to reduce spoilage and kill bacteria?
What is the primary goal of the Germ Theory of Disease?
What is the primary goal of the Germ Theory of Disease?
What is the significance of Louis Pasteur's work in relation to the Germ Theory of Disease?
What is the significance of Louis Pasteur's work in relation to the Germ Theory of Disease?
What was the main contribution of Ignaz Semmelweis in the 1840s?
What was the main contribution of Ignaz Semmelweis in the 1840s?
What was Lister's innovation in surgery?
What was Lister's innovation in surgery?
What was the significance of Robert Koch's work on anthrax?
What was the significance of Robert Koch's work on anthrax?
What are the four postulates of Koch?
What are the four postulates of Koch?
What is the first statement of Koch's postulates?
What is the first statement of Koch's postulates?
What is the significance of Lister's work in the context of the germ theory of disease?
What is the significance of Lister's work in the context of the germ theory of disease?
What is the limitation of Koch's postulates?
What is the limitation of Koch's postulates?
Who wrote the textbook 'Microbiology: An Introduction'?
Who wrote the textbook 'Microbiology: An Introduction'?
What was the primary problem faced by French merchants who shipped beer and wine over long distances?
What was the primary problem faced by French merchants who shipped beer and wine over long distances?
What was the outcome of yeast fermentation in the absence of air?
What was the outcome of yeast fermentation in the absence of air?
What was the main cause of souring and spoilage of beer and wine?
What was the main cause of souring and spoilage of beer and wine?
What was Louis Pasteur's solution to the spoilage problem?
What was Louis Pasteur's solution to the spoilage problem?
What is the period known as the 'First Golden Age' of microbiology?
What is the period known as the 'First Golden Age' of microbiology?
What is the outcome of bacterial fermentation in the presence of oxygen?
What is the outcome of bacterial fermentation in the presence of oxygen?
What is the term used to describe the conversion of carbohydrates to alcohols and carbon dioxide or organic acids?
What is the term used to describe the conversion of carbohydrates to alcohols and carbon dioxide or organic acids?
What is the byproduct of bacterial fermentation that causes souring and spoilage of beer and wine?
What is the byproduct of bacterial fermentation that causes souring and spoilage of beer and wine?
What is the process of introducing organisms into a defined location such as on a culture media plate?
What is the process of introducing organisms into a defined location such as on a culture media plate?
What is the term used to describe the increase in the number of cells in a culture medium?
What is the term used to describe the increase in the number of cells in a culture medium?
What is the term used to describe the detection of the taxonomy, genetic makeup, metabolic pattern, and virulence factor of an organism?
What is the term used to describe the detection of the taxonomy, genetic makeup, metabolic pattern, and virulence factor of an organism?
What is the term used to describe the non-intended or accidental introduction of infectious material like bacteria, yeast, mould, fungi, virus, prions, or their toxins and by-products?
What is the term used to describe the non-intended or accidental introduction of infectious material like bacteria, yeast, mould, fungi, virus, prions, or their toxins and by-products?
What is the primary source of agar?
What is the primary source of agar?
What is the term used to describe a culture that has cells from only one species?
What is the term used to describe a culture that has cells from only one species?
What is the function of agar in culture media?
What is the function of agar in culture media?
What is the term used to describe a culture that has more than one species present in it?
What is the term used to describe a culture that has more than one species present in it?
What is the chemical composition of agar?
What is the chemical composition of agar?
Why is agar not metabolized by microbes?
Why is agar not metabolized by microbes?
What is the temperature range at which agar liquefies and solidifies?
What is the temperature range at which agar liquefies and solidifies?
What is a bacterial colony?
What is a bacterial colony?
What is the term for a group of organisms having the same genetic content, morphology, metabolic pattern, and able to reproduce?
What is the term for a group of organisms having the same genetic content, morphology, metabolic pattern, and able to reproduce?
Who played an important role in the development of the use of agar as a solid medium?
Who played an important role in the development of the use of agar as a solid medium?
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Study Notes
Development of Microbiology as a Scientific Field
- 1857-1914: First Golden Age of Microbiology
- Fermentation and Pasteurization
- The Germ Theory of Disease
- Vaccination
- 1940-1990: Second Golden Age
- The First Synthetic Drugs
- Discovery of antibiotics
- Emergence of distinct fields of microbiology
- 1990 to Present: Third Golden Age
- Genomics, rDNA technology, Proteomics
Fermentation and Pasteurization
- Fermentation: conversion of carbohydrates to alcohols and carbon dioxide or organic acids
- Louis Pasteur's work on fermentation:
- Yeasts convert sugars to alcohol in absence of air
- Unwanted bacteria convert alcohol into organic acids/vinegar
- Pasteurization:
- Heating a food/liquid to a specific temperature for a definite length of time
- Cooling it immediately to slow microbial growth and reduce the number of viable pathogens
- Developed by Louis Pasteur to prevent spoilage of beverages
The Germ Theory of Disease
- Early concept: disease was believed to be punishment for one's sins, bad character, or poverty
- Realization that microorganisms might cause disease:
- Yeasts play a crucial role in fermentation
- Microorganisms might have similar relationships with plants and animals
- Joseph Lister's application of the germ theory to medical procedures:
- Using phenol to disinfect surgical wounds and reduce infections
Connecting the Dots between Disease and Microbes
- Robert Koch's work on anthrax:
- Demonstrated that certain bacteria are always present in the blood of animals with the disease
- Established the link between microbes and infectious diseases
- Koch's Postulates:
- The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
- The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
- The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it's inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal
- The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism
Limitations of Koch's Postulates
- Statement 1: The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
- Agar: a complex polysaccharide used as a solidifying agent for culture media
- Robert Koch's role in the development of agar as a solid medium
Useful Definitions
- Inoculation: introduction of organisms into a defined location, such as on a culture media plate
- Bacterial Growth: increase in the number of cells
- Identification: detecting the taxonomy, genetic makeup, metabolic pattern, and virulence factor of an organism
- Contamination: non-intended or accidental introduction of infectious material
- Pure Culture: a culture with cells from only one species
- Mixed Culture: a culture with more than one species present
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