COPY: MHSE02: Hydrology Fundamentals and Principles
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What are the two fundamental physical laws that govern the movement of water on the land surface and in soils/aquifers?

  • Conservation of mass and conservation of force
  • Conservation of energy and conservation of momentum
  • Conservation of energy and conservation of temperature
  • Conservation of mass and conservation of energy (correct)
  • Which of the following best describes solar energy and gravity in the context of the global hydrological cycle?

  • They only influence local processes, not the global cycle.
  • They are the driving forces behind the global hydrological cycle. (correct)
  • They are secondary forces that have minimal impact on the cycle.
  • They interact solely through precipitation events.
  • What is one of the primary research focuses within the field of hydrology?

  • Investigation of geological formations
  • Studying the impact of urbanization on wildlife
  • Analysis of hydrological data (correct)
  • Comparative studies of different soil types
  • How are the local and regional hydrological processes related to the global hydrological cycle?

    <p>Local and regional processes influence larger scales, affecting the global cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is NOT a consideration in improving measurement networks for hydrological processes?

    <p>Easier access to geological surveys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the energy budget approach for modelling snowmelt?

    <p>Balancing the available energy with energy needed for melting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the energy budget approach involves estimating the energy required to raise the snowpack temperature to the melting point?

    <p>Warming phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is considered in the temperature index approach for calculating snowmelt?

    <p>Air temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of snowmelt modelling, what does the term 'k' represent?

    <p>The melt factor dependent on heat transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of the temperature index approach compared to the energy budget method?

    <p>It requires fewer data and measurements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary purpose of hydrological models?

    <p>To analyze and simulate relevant hydrological processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a primary hydrological process?

    <p>Saturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which storage type contributes to the overall water balance in hydrological systems?

    <p>Soil storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does runoff concentration refer to in the context of hydrology?

    <p>Discharge formation in the stream channel system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of scales do hydrological processes function at?

    <p>Multiple spatial and temporal scales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in the surface water boundary of a catchment area?

    <p>Artificial boundaries only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process follows runoff formation in a catchment?

    <p>Runoff concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model scale would be relevant for predicting long-term sea-level rise?

    <p>Global scale energy budget</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of error is primarily caused by changes in instruments or location during measurements?

    <p>Systematic errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a systematic error in measurement?

    <p>Wind affecting measurement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is preferred for conducting homogeneity tests?

    <p>Relative tests using multiple time series</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for a significant change in the slope of a double mass curve?

    <p>The trend must last at least 5 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which correction method is used if a change in measurement conditions is clearly associated with the data?

    <p>Multiply data by a factor K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a source of systematic changes in a time series?

    <p>Variability in precipitation measurements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difficulty with consistency tests for precipitation data?

    <p>Variations due to random errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is crucial to establishing a homogeneous time series?

    <p>Meteorological consistency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) in hydrology?

    <p>To determine flow velocity using reflected acoustic signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is calculated as the time integral of the hydrograph?

    <p>Mass curve (SQ)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In hydrograph analysis, what does the continuous slope of the mass curve represent?

    <p>Mean discharge (MQ)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the flow duration curve illustrate?

    <p>The percentage of time discharge was equalled or exceeded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the inflection points in the mass curve?

    <p>They represent local maximum or minimum discharge in the hydrograph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the flood volume calculated in hydrology?

    <p>By integrating the flood hydrograph from critical flow to peak discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the mass curve of differences to average signify in hydrograph analysis?

    <p>The time-dependent difference between inflow and outflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relevance of statistical criteria in flow duration curves?

    <p>To assess flood re-occurrence probability and waterway navigability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What components make up streamflow?

    <p>Base flow, interflow, and saturated overland flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors do NOT affect runoff formation?

    <p>Temperature of the atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the SCS Method primarily analyze?

    <p>Empirical relationship between retention and runoff</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Continuity Equation represent in hydrology?

    <p>The balance between precipitation, infiltration, and runoff</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the formula $Q = (P - I_a) \times (P + 0.8S)$, what does $I_a$ represent?

    <p>Initial abstraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is potential maximum retention, S, determined?

    <p>Through land use and soil retention curves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of values for Curve Number (CN)?

    <p>0 to 100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about antecedent moisture condition (AMC) is incorrect?

    <p>AMC is based solely on temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does $P - I_a$ in the runoff equation denote?

    <p>Net precipitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential drawback of the SCS Method when applied to areas in middle Europe?

    <p>Underestimation of Curve Numbers by 10 to 30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

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