CNS
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Questions and Answers

Match each item to its definition:

Neurons = Electrically excitable cells Neuroglia = Support cells (glia); astrocytes: homeostatic support; oligodendrocytes: myelin; microglia: immune response Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) = Barrier that separates the brain from circulating blood. Drugs can enter if they are highly lipid soluble (non-polar, non-charged) or if they are carried by specific transporters

Which generation of antihistamines causes less drowsiness because they are more polar?

  • 1st generation
  • 2nd generation (correct)

What transporter does L-DOPA use to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?

  • Glucose transporter (correct)
  • Amino acid transporter
  • Ion channel
  • Fatty acid transporter

Dopamine will cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB).

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Marine toxins (poisons) and toxic metals can block calcium channels, but not 'calcium channel blocker' antihypertensive drugs such as verapamil.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each to its action

<p>reserpine = blocks storage of NT in vesicles amphetamine = induces releases of NT capsaicin = causes release of substance P bot. toxin = blocks NT release</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each substance to its action:

<p>Cocaine = Blocks NT re-uptake Anticholinesterases = Block AchE which increases Ach levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each term to its definition:

<p>Presynaptic Actions = Drugs that act on synthesis, storage, metabolism or release of the neurotransmitter Postsynaptic Actions = Drugs that act on the postsynaptic receptor Retrograde Signaling = Drug generates signal that feeds back onto itself to modify NT release</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each to its action

<p>opioids = Agonists that mimic enkephalins strychnine = Antagonists which blocks glycine receptors barbiturates = Drugs that can block ion channels methylxanthines = Metabotropic receptors are the site of these drugs. They inhibit PDE enzyme which increases cAMP levels and prolongs their actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the best examples of retrograde signaling drugs, specifically the natural endogenous form of 'pot'?

<p>Endocannabinoids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are criteria for neurotransmitter identification? (Select all that apply)

<p>Putative NT must be found in the presynaptic neuron (A), Putative NT must be released through a Ca dependent mechanism (B), Application of NT to neuron must evoke the same response as the release of putative NT (synaptic mimicry) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are included in hierarchical systems?

<p>All of the above (@)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contains excitatory neurons that release glutamate?

<p>Relay (projection) neurons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contains inhibitory neurons that release GABA or glycine?

<p>Local circuit neurons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are involved in nonspecific or diffuse neuronal systems?

<p>neurons that contain NE, DA or 5HT (A), unmyelinated and slow transmission about 0.5 m/s (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each neurotransmitter to its description

<p>Glutamate = (1) acidic amino acid (2) excitatory (3) binds to postsynaptic glutamate receptors (4) activation excites both ionotropic and metabotropic receptors (5) ionotrpic receptor subtypes (a) alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors (b) kainic acid (KA) receptors (c) N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors GABA and glycine = (1) neutral amino acids (2) inhibitory Acetylcholine (Ach) = (1) muscarinic G-protein coupled receptors (2) excitation Nitric Oxide (NO) = exact role in PNS known (vascular smooth muscle relaxation) but role in CNS unknown</p> Signup and view all the answers

AMPA and NMDA receptors are present on all CNS neurons.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each term to its description:

<p>Glycine = Receptors found mostly in the spinal cord GABA = Receptors found in CNS and spinal cord Strychnine = Poisoning caused by block of glycine receptors in the spinal cord (patient presents with characteristic arched back, only head and feet on the stretcher, spinal cord convulsions)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which GABA receptor is described below: (1) inhibitory (2) fast component (3) ionotropic, for Cl (4) picrotoxin, bicuculline poisons block and cause convulsions?

<p>GABA A (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which GABA receptor is described below: (1) inhibitory (2) slow component (3) metabotropic (4) activated by the drug baclofen used to treat spastic syndromes (5) receptors are G-protein coupled (6) actions are to either block Ca channels or activate K channels (promote flow of K out of neurons)

<p>GABA B (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Acetylcholine (Ach) play an important role in?

<p>Cognitive functions including memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each biogenic amine to its description:

<p>Dopamine (DA) = (a) all are metabotropic (b) most receptors are inhibitory in action Norepinephrine (NE) = (a) all are metabotropic (b) both alpha and beta receptors involved (c) actions are excitatory 5-HT (serotonin) = (a) all receptors are metabotropic except for 5HT3 (b) 5HT3 subtype is ionotropic and excitatory (c) all other subtypes are inhibitory (d) most control sleep, temperature, appetite and neuroendocrine control</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are opioid peptides? (Select all that apply)

<p>endorphins (A), enkephalins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Nitrous oxide synthase (NOS) activated by?

<p>Calcium-calmodulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are cannabinoid receptors primarily located?

<p>CNS (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main actions of endocannabinoids?

<p>Bind to cannabinoid receptors on presynaptic receptors and slow down neurotransmitter release. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Endocannabinoids are mostly presynaptic.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are endocannabinoids?

<p>Anandamide (C), 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is described below:

  1. released from postsynaptic receptors
  2. travel across the synapse (backward direction)
  3. bind to cannabinoid receptors on presynaptic receptors and slow down NT release?

<p>Endocannabinoids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each toxin to its description:

<p>tetradotoxin = blocks sodium channels; found in puffer fish apamin = blocks potassium channels; found in honeybees omega conotoxin = blocks N type calcium channels; found in Pacific cone snails</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each toxin to its description:

<p>alpha bungarotoxin = irreversible antagonist at Ach nicotinic receptors; found in the marine snake picrotoxin = blocks GABA A receptors; blocks inward flow of chloride; seizures result; found in a South Pacific plant strychnine = rat poison; blocks glycine receptors; found in Indian plant; spinal seizures result</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each neurotransmitter to its agonist and antagonis

<p>Ach = Agonist/ Antagonist: muscarine/ atropine; Agonist/ Antagonist: nicotine/apha-bungarotoxin DA = Agonist/ Antagonist:bromocriptine (D2)/phenothiazines GABA A = Agonist/ Antagonist: muscimol/picrotoxin; bicuculine GABA B = Agonist only: baclofen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each neurotransmitter to its agonist/ antagonist

<p>glutamate = Agonist/ Antagonist:N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)/ dizocilpine glycine = Agonist/ Antagonist: taurine/strychnine serotonin (5HT) = Agonist only: LSD NE alpha 1 = Agonist/ Antagonist: phenylephrine/prazosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each neurotransmitter to its agonist/ antagonist

<p>NE alpha 2 = Agonist only: clonidine NE beta 1 = Agonist/ Antagonist:isoproterenol/atenolol NE beta 2 = Agonist only: albuterol histamine (H1) = Antagonist only: mepyramine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each neurotransmitter to its agonist/ antagonist

<h1>Histamine (H2) = Antagonist only: ranitidine Opioids = Agonist/Antagonist: morphine/ nalaxone endocannabinoid = Agonist/ Antagonist: anandamide/rimonabant</h1> Signup and view all the answers

Match each toxin to its channel type:

<p>Voltage Gated Toxins = tetradotoxin, apamin, omega conotoxin Ligand Gated Toxins = alpha bungarotoxin, picrotoxin, strychnine</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Paris

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