CNS Quiz 1 geckiiiii
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Questions and Answers

Which statement accurately describes the primary function of motor pathways?

  • To process visual stimuli for coordinated reactions.
  • To receive sensory information from the muscles.
  • To transmit signals from the brain to the muscles for voluntary movement. (correct)
  • To regulate blood circulation within the brain.

    • What type of neuron originates in the primary motor cortex and is involved in motor control?

  • Interneurons
  • Upper motor neurons (correct)
  • Lower motor neurons
  • Sensory neurons

    • Which of the following correctly describes the corticospinal pathway?

  • It does not involve synapses with lower motor neurons.
  • It facilitates involuntary muscle movements.
  • It originates in the primary motor cortex and travels through various brain areas to the spinal cord. (correct)
  • It consists solely of lower motor neurons.

    • What is the result of damage to upper motor neurons in the corticospinal pathway?

    <p>Motor deficits such as weakness or paralysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of lower motor neurons?

    <p>To receive signals from upper motor neurons and innervate skeletal muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway is involved in ensuring smooth and coordinated muscle movements?

    <p>Both corticospinal and extrapyramidal pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the spinal cord?

    <p>To carry signals between the brain and peripheral nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is positioned posterior to the brainstem?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which consequence is most likely from disruption of motor pathways?

    <p>Motor impairments like weakness and coordination issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is an understanding of motor pathways crucial in fields like neurology and rehabilitation?

    <p>It aids in the diagnosis and treatment of motor disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for vision?

    <p>II. Optic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the largest part of the brain?

    <p>Cerebrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cranial nerves are there in total?

    <p>12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What functions does the V. Trigeminal cranial nerve perform?

    <p>Face sensation and chewing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures are included in the brainstem?

    <p>Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The XI. Accessory cranial nerve primarily controls which type of movement?

    <p>Neck movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reflex grading indicates a brisk response without sustained clonus?

    <p>4+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of motor nerve lesion is associated with decreased reflexes?

    <p>Lower motor nerve lesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which deep tendon reflex corresponds to the biceps brachii muscle?

    <p>C6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In sensory testing, which method assesses the ability to localize two separate points on the skin?

    <p>Two-point discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the grading for a muscle that exhibits a contraction that can be palpated but cannot move against gravity?

    <p>Grade 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hyperactive reflex response indicate?

    <p>Central nervous system lesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which assessment technique evaluates muscle performance against the force of gravity?

    <p>Break test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which grading scale indicates a muscle's ability to move through the full range with gravity eliminated?

    <p>Grade 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect is assessed when testing for proprioception?

    <p>Ability to sense body position and movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by a 0 grading for muscle testing?

    <p>No contraction can be elicited</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are neonatal reflexes primarily characterized by?

    <p>Automatic responses to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age is the Moro reflex expected to be integrated?

    <p>2-4 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reflex is integrated last among the listed developmental reflexes?

    <p>Babinski's reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical significance of assessing developmental reflexes?

    <p>They reflect the coordination between the brain and muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be a consequence of retaining the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex?

    <p>Issues with head control and balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reflex is associated with difficulties in feeding?

    <p>Rooting reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reflex is categorized as a facial reflex?

    <p>Blind reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Poor muscle tone and fatigue could result from dysfunction in which reflex?

    <p>Babinski reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes rigidity in muscular tone?

    <p>There is an absence of synergy in movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with cogwheel rigidity?

    <p>Parkinson's disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of spastic paralysis?

    <p>Hypertonic state even at rest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dysarthria refers to which condition?

    <p>Defective speech due to muscular dysfunction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased resistance observed in one direction compared to another is indicative of which condition?

    <p>Spasticity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes dysmetria?

    <p>Inability to coordinate movements due to miscalculation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a consequence of significant autonomic dysreflexia?

    <p>Severe hypertension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the term 'dysphagia'?

    <p>Inability to swallow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is primarily associated with lower motor neuron damage?

    <p>Flaccidity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'paresthesia' refer to?

    <p>Abnormal skin sensations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the extrapyramidal pathway?

    <p>Involves subcortical nuclei for regulating muscle tone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many segments make up the cervical spine?

    <p>7 segments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which spinal segment is responsible for knee extension?

    <p>L3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a dermatome refer to?

    <p>An area of skin supplied by sensory fibers from a single spinal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which spinal segments are primarily involved in muscle movements of the legs and feet?

    <p>Lumbar segments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following movements does the myotome C5 control?

    <p>Shoulder abduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do deep tendon reflexes play in the neuromuscular system?

    <p>Execute immediate muscle contractions upon stretching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which myotome is associated with wrist extension?

    <p>C6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of the sacral segments?

    <p>Transmitting signals to the lower back and pelvic organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which spinal segment corresponds with big toe extension?

    <p>L5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    CNS Anatomy: Brain and Spinal Cord

    • The spinal cord connects to the brainstem and runs through the spinal canal.
    • Cranial nerves exit the brainstem, and nerve roots exit the spinal cord.
    • The spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and peripheral nerves, controlling awareness, movement, thoughts, and speech.

    Major Parts of the Brain

    • Brainstem: Continuous with the spinal cord, containing the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain.
    • Cerebellum: Located posterior to the brainstem.
    • Diencephalon: Superior to the brainstem, containing the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.
    • Cerebrum: Largest part, resting on the diencephalon.

    Cranial Nerves

    • There are 12 cranial nerves, each with specific functions.
    • Olfactory (I): Smell
    • Optic (II): Vision
    • Oculomotor (III): Eye movement and pupil reflex
    • Trochlear (IV): Eye movement
    • Trigeminal (V): Face sensation & chewing
    • Abducens (VI): Lateral eye movement
    • Facial (VII): Face movement & taste
    • Vestibulocochlear (VIII): Hearing & balance
    • Glossopharyngeal (IX): Throat sensation, taste, & swallowing
    • Vagus (X): Movement, sensation, and abdominal organs
    • Accessory (XI): Neck movement (trapezius & SCM)
    • Hypoglossal (XII): Tongue movement

    Motor Pathways

    • These pathways transmit signals from the brain to muscles, causing voluntary movement.
    • Two primary motor pathways: corticospinal and extrapyramidal.
    • Corticospinal: Originates in the primary motor cortex, travels through the internal capsule, brainstem, and spinal cord. Upper motor neurons synapse with lower motor neurons, which then signal muscles. Damage can cause motor deficits.
    • Extrapyramidal: Involves subcortical nuclei and brain regions outside the primary motor cortex. Coordinates and regulates muscle tone, posture, and involuntary movements.

    Spinal Segments

    • The spinal cord is divided into segments: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.
    • Cervical (7 segments): Controls head, neck, shoulders, arms, and hands.
    • Thoracic (12 segments): Controls parts of arms, chest, and abdominal areas.
    • Lumbar (5 segments): Controls legs and feet.
    • Sacral (5 fused vertebrae): Controls lower back, glutes, pelvic organs, and some leg/foot areas.
    • Coccygeal (1 remnant): Located at the bottom of the spinal cord.

    Dermatomes and Myotomes

    • Dermatomes: Areas of skin supplied by sensory fibers from a single spinal nerve, transmitting sensory information to the brain.
    • Myotomes: Groups of muscles primarily innervated by a single spinal nerve, enabling voluntary movement.

    Deep Tendon Reflexes

    • Used to evaluate spinal cord integrity, differentiating upper and lower motor neuron lesions.
    • Increased reflexes (UMN): indicate CNS lesion, may also indicate weakness or spasticity.
    • Decreased reflexes (LMN): indicate PNS problems, potentially spinal roots, plexus issues, weakness, atrophy, or fasciculations.
    • Reflexes are graded on a scale (absent to 5+ with sustained clonus).

    Assessments: Sensory Testing

    • Sensory testing includes assessments of touch perception, temperature perception, pain perception, two-point discrimination, proprioception, and vibration sense.
    • Comparisons are made between sides and proximal to distal extremities.

    Assessments: Muscle Strength Testing (MMT)

    • MMT grades strength from 0 (no contraction) to 5 (normal with max resistance) This tests muscle strength in different positions to assess nervous system function.

    UMN vs. LMN Lesions

    • UMN lesions: Occur in the CNS (brain or spinal cord), leading to hypertonia, hyperactive reflexes, spasticity, and potential weakness or paralysis.
    • LMN lesions: Occur in the PNS (nerves outside the CNS), leading to hypotonia, reduced or absent reflexes, muscle atrophy, and potential weakness or paralysis.

    Neurological Signs & Symptoms

    • Spasticity: Increased muscle tone, resistance to passive movement, common in UMN damage.
    • Rigidity: Increased muscle tone throughout the range of motion, often seen in extrapyramidal disorders. (Parkinson's and Huntington's disease)
    • Flaccidity (hypotonicity): Reduced muscle tone, characteristic of LMN damage.

    Definitions of Neurological Terms

    • Dysarthria: Defective speech due to muscle dysfunction.
    • Dyskinesia: Difficulty controlling voluntary movements.
    • Dysphagia: Difficulty swallowing.
    • Dysphasia: Impairment of speech, originating from a brain lesion.
    • Dyspnea: Laboured breathing
    • Developmental reflexes: Inborn behavioral patterns present at birth, gradually inhibited by the brain.

    Clinical Significance of Developmental Reflexes

    • Developmental reflexes indicate how signals are sent and received by the brain, spinal cord, and muscles.
    • Retained or absent reflexes can indicate underlying disorders, including learning disabilities, ADHD, and autism spectrum conditions.

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