CNS Quiz 1 geckiiiii
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Questions and Answers

Which statement accurately describes the primary function of motor pathways?

  • To process visual stimuli for coordinated reactions.
  • To receive sensory information from the muscles.
  • To transmit signals from the brain to the muscles for voluntary movement. (correct)
  • To regulate blood circulation within the brain.

What type of neuron originates in the primary motor cortex and is involved in motor control?

  • Interneurons
  • Upper motor neurons (correct)
  • Lower motor neurons
  • Sensory neurons

Which of the following correctly describes the corticospinal pathway?

  • It does not involve synapses with lower motor neurons.
  • It facilitates involuntary muscle movements.
  • It originates in the primary motor cortex and travels through various brain areas to the spinal cord. (correct)
  • It consists solely of lower motor neurons.

What is the result of damage to upper motor neurons in the corticospinal pathway?

<p>Motor deficits such as weakness or paralysis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of lower motor neurons?

<p>To receive signals from upper motor neurons and innervate skeletal muscles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway is involved in ensuring smooth and coordinated muscle movements?

<p>Both corticospinal and extrapyramidal pathways (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the spinal cord?

<p>To carry signals between the brain and peripheral nerves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is positioned posterior to the brainstem?

<p>Cerebellum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which consequence is most likely from disruption of motor pathways?

<p>Motor impairments like weakness and coordination issues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is an understanding of motor pathways crucial in fields like neurology and rehabilitation?

<p>It aids in the diagnosis and treatment of motor disorders. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is responsible for vision?

<p>II. Optic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the largest part of the brain?

<p>Cerebrum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many cranial nerves are there in total?

<p>12 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What functions does the V. Trigeminal cranial nerve perform?

<p>Face sensation and chewing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structures are included in the brainstem?

<p>Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla oblongata (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The XI. Accessory cranial nerve primarily controls which type of movement?

<p>Neck movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reflex grading indicates a brisk response without sustained clonus?

<p>4+ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of motor nerve lesion is associated with decreased reflexes?

<p>Lower motor nerve lesion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which deep tendon reflex corresponds to the biceps brachii muscle?

<p>C6 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In sensory testing, which method assesses the ability to localize two separate points on the skin?

<p>Two-point discrimination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the grading for a muscle that exhibits a contraction that can be palpated but cannot move against gravity?

<p>Grade 1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does hyperactive reflex response indicate?

<p>Central nervous system lesion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which assessment technique evaluates muscle performance against the force of gravity?

<p>Break test (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which grading scale indicates a muscle's ability to move through the full range with gravity eliminated?

<p>Grade 2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect is assessed when testing for proprioception?

<p>Ability to sense body position and movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by a 0 grading for muscle testing?

<p>No contraction can be elicited (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are neonatal reflexes primarily characterized by?

<p>Automatic responses to stimuli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age is the Moro reflex expected to be integrated?

<p>2-4 months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex is integrated last among the listed developmental reflexes?

<p>Babinski's reflex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the clinical significance of assessing developmental reflexes?

<p>They reflect the coordination between the brain and muscles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could be a consequence of retaining the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex?

<p>Issues with head control and balance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex is associated with difficulties in feeding?

<p>Rooting reflex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex is categorized as a facial reflex?

<p>Blind reflex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Poor muscle tone and fatigue could result from dysfunction in which reflex?

<p>Babinski reflex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes rigidity in muscular tone?

<p>There is an absence of synergy in movement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with cogwheel rigidity?

<p>Parkinson's disease. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of spastic paralysis?

<p>Hypertonic state even at rest. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dysarthria refers to which condition?

<p>Defective speech due to muscular dysfunction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Increased resistance observed in one direction compared to another is indicative of which condition?

<p>Spasticity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes dysmetria?

<p>Inability to coordinate movements due to miscalculation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a consequence of significant autonomic dysreflexia?

<p>Severe hypertension. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the term 'dysphagia'?

<p>Inability to swallow. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is primarily associated with lower motor neuron damage?

<p>Flaccidity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'paresthesia' refer to?

<p>Abnormal skin sensations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the extrapyramidal pathway?

<p>Involves subcortical nuclei for regulating muscle tone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many segments make up the cervical spine?

<p>7 segments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which spinal segment is responsible for knee extension?

<p>L3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a dermatome refer to?

<p>An area of skin supplied by sensory fibers from a single spinal nerve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which spinal segments are primarily involved in muscle movements of the legs and feet?

<p>Lumbar segments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following movements does the myotome C5 control?

<p>Shoulder abduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do deep tendon reflexes play in the neuromuscular system?

<p>Execute immediate muscle contractions upon stretching (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which myotome is associated with wrist extension?

<p>C6 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of the sacral segments?

<p>Transmitting signals to the lower back and pelvic organs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which spinal segment corresponds with big toe extension?

<p>L5 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is the CNS?

The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord, which control most body functions including awareness, movements, thoughts, speech, and memory.

What is the spinal cord?

The spinal cord is a long, cylindrical bundle of nerve tissue that extends from the brainstem down the vertebral canal. It acts as a communication pathway between the brain and the peripheral nerves.

What is the brainstem?

The brainstem is a part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord. It contains the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain, which are responsible for essential life-sustaining functions like breathing and heartbeat.

What is the cerebellum?

The cerebellum is located at the back of the brainstem and plays a crucial role in coordinating movement, balance, and posture. It helps refine motor skills and make movements smooth and accurate.

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What is the diencephalon?

The diencephalon is situated above the brainstem and encompasses the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. It acts as a relay center for sensory information and regulates vital functions such as sleep, hunger, and temperature.

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What is the cerebrum?

The cerebrum, the largest part of the brain, sits atop the diencephalon. This region is responsible for higher-level functions like consciousness, thought, language, reasoning, and voluntary movement.

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What are cranial nerves?

Cranial nerves are peripheral nerves that emerge directly from the brain through openings in the skull. They control various functions in the head and neck, like vision, smell, taste, and facial movement.

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How many cranial nerves are there?

There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves, each named and numbered for its specific function. For example, optic nerve (II) is responsible for vision, while facial nerve (VII) controls facial expressions and taste.

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Motor Pathways

Neural circuits that transmit signals from the brain to muscles, enabling voluntary movements.

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Motor Pathway Types

Two primary pathways controlling voluntary movements: Corticospinal and Extrapyramidal.

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Corticospinal Pathway

The pathway responsible for precise and skilled movements, originating in the primary motor cortex.

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Upper Motor Neurons (UMNs)

Neurons in the cerebral cortex that initiate movement signals.

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Lower Motor Neurons (LMNs)

Neurons in the spinal cord that receive UMN signals and activate muscles.

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Muscle Contraction

The process of muscles contracting in response to electrical signals from LMNs.

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Motor Pathway Disorders

Damage to motor pathways can lead to weakness, paralysis, or coordination problems.

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Neurology & Rehabilitation

The study of motor disorders and their treatment.

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Hyperactive Reflexes

A brisk reflex response, indicating a potential lesion in the central nervous system.

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Hypoactive Reflexes

A diminished reflex response, suggesting a problem in the peripheral nervous system, spinal roots, or plexus.

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Manual Muscle Testing (MMT)

A systematic evaluation of muscle strength, used to determine baseline function, diagnose injuries, and guide rehabilitation plans.

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Touch Perception

The ability to perceive touch, including light touch and deep pressure.

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Temperature Perception

The capacity to distinguish between hot and cold temperatures.

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Pain Perception

The ability to sense pain, often tested with a sharp object.

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Two-Point Discrimination

The ability to discriminate between two points of contact on the skin.

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Proprioception

Awareness of body position and movement, often tested by moving a joint or limb.

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Vibration Sense

The ability to perceive vibrations through a tuning fork.

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Clonus Test

A test that helps determine the presence of clonus, which is a series of involuntary muscle spasms.

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Myotomes

A group of muscles primarily innervated by the motor fibers of a single spinal nerve. These nerves send signals from the spinal cord to specific muscles, enabling voluntary movement.

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Extrapyramidal Pathway

A pathway in the nervous system that coordinates and regulates muscle tone, posture, and involuntary movements. It involves multiple subcortical nuclei and brain regions, unlike the direct connection of the corticospinal pathway.

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Dermatomes

An area of skin supplied by sensory fibers from a single spinal nerve. These nerves transmit sensory information like pain, temperature, and touch from the skin to the spinal cord and brain.

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Sacral Segments

A group of five fused vertebrae in the lower spine. They transmit signals related to the lower back, glutes, pelvic organs, genitals, and some areas in the legs and feet.

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Thoracic Spine

The 12 segments of the spine located in the chest area. They transmit signals related to the arms, chest, and abdomen.

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Cervical Spine

The seven segments in the upper spine. They transmit signals to and from the head, neck, shoulders, arms, and hands.

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Lumbar Spine

The five segments in the lower back. They transmit signals to and from the legs, feet, and some pelvic organs.

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Coccygeal Segment

The single coccygeal remnant located at the bottom of the spinal cord.

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Deep Tendon Reflexes

A test that assesses the function of the nervous system by eliciting muscle contractions in response to a stimulus.

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Patellar Reflex

A reflex found in most people where the knee extends involuntarily when the patellar tendon is tapped.

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Rigidity

Increased muscle tone, even at rest, present during passive range of motion (PROM) in all directions across individual joints. It is often seen in extrapyramidal lesions.

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Cogwheel Rigidity

A hypertonic state with ratchet-like jerkiness during passive movement. It is a type of rigidity.

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Lead pipe rigidity

A hypertonic state throughout the range of motion (ROM), with simultaneous co-contraction of the agonist and antagonist muscles. It is a type of rigidity.

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Flaccidity

A decrease or loss of normal muscle tone, due to deterioration of lower motor neurons (LMNs). It is also known as hypotonicity.

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Dysphasia

Impairment of speech resulting from a brain lesion. Note the difference between aphasia, which means an inability to speak.

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Dyskinesia

A defect in the ability to perform voluntary movement.

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Paresthesia

A sensation of numbness, prickling, or tingling.

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Autonomic Dysreflexia

A life-threatening uninhibited sympathetic response of the nervous system to a noxious stimulus. Usually occurs in individuals with a spinal cord injury at or above T6.

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Dyspraxia

A disturbance in the control and execution of voluntary movements.

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Ataxia

Defective muscular coordination.

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What are reflexes?

An involuntary, automatic response by the body to a stimulus, occurring without conscious awareness. These responses appear early in life and gradually decrease as a baby develops.

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What are developmental reflexes?

Reflexes present at birth but gradually disappear as the baby matures. They are essential for early development and can indicate neurological health.

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What is the Moro reflex?

A reflex where the baby extends arms and fingers, arches back, and then brings arms back to the body. It is triggered by a sudden noise or movement.

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What is the Palmar grasp reflex?

A reflex where the baby grasps tightly when their palm is touched. It is naturally present but fades as they develop voluntary hand control.

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What is the Walking reflex?

The reflex is present at birth and is elicited by holding the baby upright with the soles of the feet touching a surface. It involves rhythmic stepping movements.

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What is the Asymmetric tonic neck reflex?

A reflex resulting in the baby extending the arm and leg on the same side of the body as the head is turned while the opposite arm and leg flex.

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What is the Symmetric tonic neck reflex?

A reflex that involves the baby extending both arms and legs when the head is lifted and flexing both arms and legs when the head is lowered.

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What is Babinski's reflex?

A reflex that causes the baby's toes to fan out and the big toe to extend upwards when the sole of the foot is stroked.

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Study Notes

CNS Anatomy: Brain and Spinal Cord

  • The spinal cord connects to the brainstem and runs through the spinal canal.
  • Cranial nerves exit the brainstem, and nerve roots exit the spinal cord.
  • The spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and peripheral nerves, controlling awareness, movement, thoughts, and speech.

Major Parts of the Brain

  • Brainstem: Continuous with the spinal cord, containing the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain.
  • Cerebellum: Located posterior to the brainstem.
  • Diencephalon: Superior to the brainstem, containing the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.
  • Cerebrum: Largest part, resting on the diencephalon.

Cranial Nerves

  • There are 12 cranial nerves, each with specific functions.
  • Olfactory (I): Smell
  • Optic (II): Vision
  • Oculomotor (III): Eye movement and pupil reflex
  • Trochlear (IV): Eye movement
  • Trigeminal (V): Face sensation & chewing
  • Abducens (VI): Lateral eye movement
  • Facial (VII): Face movement & taste
  • Vestibulocochlear (VIII): Hearing & balance
  • Glossopharyngeal (IX): Throat sensation, taste, & swallowing
  • Vagus (X): Movement, sensation, and abdominal organs
  • Accessory (XI): Neck movement (trapezius & SCM)
  • Hypoglossal (XII): Tongue movement

Motor Pathways

  • These pathways transmit signals from the brain to muscles, causing voluntary movement.
  • Two primary motor pathways: corticospinal and extrapyramidal.
  • Corticospinal: Originates in the primary motor cortex, travels through the internal capsule, brainstem, and spinal cord. Upper motor neurons synapse with lower motor neurons, which then signal muscles. Damage can cause motor deficits.
  • Extrapyramidal: Involves subcortical nuclei and brain regions outside the primary motor cortex. Coordinates and regulates muscle tone, posture, and involuntary movements.

Spinal Segments

  • The spinal cord is divided into segments: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.
  • Cervical (7 segments): Controls head, neck, shoulders, arms, and hands.
  • Thoracic (12 segments): Controls parts of arms, chest, and abdominal areas.
  • Lumbar (5 segments): Controls legs and feet.
  • Sacral (5 fused vertebrae): Controls lower back, glutes, pelvic organs, and some leg/foot areas.
  • Coccygeal (1 remnant): Located at the bottom of the spinal cord.

Dermatomes and Myotomes

  • Dermatomes: Areas of skin supplied by sensory fibers from a single spinal nerve, transmitting sensory information to the brain.
  • Myotomes: Groups of muscles primarily innervated by a single spinal nerve, enabling voluntary movement.

Deep Tendon Reflexes

  • Used to evaluate spinal cord integrity, differentiating upper and lower motor neuron lesions.
  • Increased reflexes (UMN): indicate CNS lesion, may also indicate weakness or spasticity.
  • Decreased reflexes (LMN): indicate PNS problems, potentially spinal roots, plexus issues, weakness, atrophy, or fasciculations.
  • Reflexes are graded on a scale (absent to 5+ with sustained clonus).

Assessments: Sensory Testing

  • Sensory testing includes assessments of touch perception, temperature perception, pain perception, two-point discrimination, proprioception, and vibration sense.
  • Comparisons are made between sides and proximal to distal extremities.

Assessments: Muscle Strength Testing (MMT)

  • MMT grades strength from 0 (no contraction) to 5 (normal with max resistance) This tests muscle strength in different positions to assess nervous system function.

UMN vs. LMN Lesions

  • UMN lesions: Occur in the CNS (brain or spinal cord), leading to hypertonia, hyperactive reflexes, spasticity, and potential weakness or paralysis.
  • LMN lesions: Occur in the PNS (nerves outside the CNS), leading to hypotonia, reduced or absent reflexes, muscle atrophy, and potential weakness or paralysis.

Neurological Signs & Symptoms

  • Spasticity: Increased muscle tone, resistance to passive movement, common in UMN damage.
  • Rigidity: Increased muscle tone throughout the range of motion, often seen in extrapyramidal disorders. (Parkinson's and Huntington's disease)
  • Flaccidity (hypotonicity): Reduced muscle tone, characteristic of LMN damage.

Definitions of Neurological Terms

  • Dysarthria: Defective speech due to muscle dysfunction.
  • Dyskinesia: Difficulty controlling voluntary movements.
  • Dysphagia: Difficulty swallowing.
  • Dysphasia: Impairment of speech, originating from a brain lesion.
  • Dyspnea: Laboured breathing
  • Developmental reflexes: Inborn behavioral patterns present at birth, gradually inhibited by the brain.

Clinical Significance of Developmental Reflexes

  • Developmental reflexes indicate how signals are sent and received by the brain, spinal cord, and muscles.
  • Retained or absent reflexes can indicate underlying disorders, including learning disabilities, ADHD, and autism spectrum conditions.

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