MGT Chapter 12 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What creates motivation?

Multiple contextual and personal factors.

Raises and other monetary incentives are examples of?

  • Personal achievements
  • Internal motivators
  • Intrinsic rewards
  • Extrinsic rewards (correct)

    • What is known as a satisfaction from performing a task?

    Intrinsic reward

    There is one main theory about what motivates people that is accepted by most people.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the psychological processes that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior called?

    <p>Motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the principal perspectives on motivation?

    <p>Process, reinforcement, job design, content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior called?

    <p>Needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, what type of power is expressed in dominance over others?

    <p>Personal power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motivates Leslie to work on challenging tasks?

    <p>Need for achievement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does McClelland view needs?

    <p>Needs are learned from our culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the theory of motivation that emphasizes competence, autonomy, and relatedness?

    <p>Self-determination theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of power is used to further organizational goals?

    <p>Institutional power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do people motivated by the need for achievement want?

    <p>Fair and balanced feedback, both negative and positive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Herzberg, what factors are associated with achievement and recognition?

    <p>Motivating factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theories of motivation are characterized as process perspectives?

    <p>Goal-setting theory, equity theory, expectancy theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory exemplifies employee satisfaction with advancement but dissatisfaction with pay scale?

    <p>Two-factor theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motivates employees according to equity theory?

    <p>Fairness in how they are awarded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When Nanci analyzes her staff's pay scale for equity, which aspect of equity theory is she considering?

    <p>Outputs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which perspectives focus on the thought progression that leads people to act?

    <p>Process perspectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to equity theory, what happens when people believe there is equity?

    <p>They will continue their current behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does equity theory aim to achieve?

    <p>Fairness and justice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to equity and justice theories, what should organizational decisions include?

    <p>Input from employees.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the stages of Victor Vroom's expectancy theory of motivation?

    <p>Effort to performance, performance to outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What area of equity theory examines employee treatment fairness at work?

    <p>Organizational justice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for Jaleel believing that hard work will result in a high score?

    <p>Expectancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key ideas drawn from equity and justice theories?

    <p>Employees need a way to appeal decisions; organizations should foster a climate for justice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In expectancy theory, what is the expectation that successful task performance will lead to a desired outcome called?

    <p>Instrumentality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory suggests motivation is about deciding how much effort to exert?

    <p>Expectancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory motivates employees by setting specific, challenging, and achievable objectives?

    <p>Goal-setting theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Juanita's belief about hard work resulting in strong performance illustrate?

    <p>High level of expectancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motivates us through effort, attention, strategies, and persistence?

    <p>Goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Keri's confidence in promotion based on exceeding her sales quota demonstrate?

    <p>Instrumentality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Lois feel about the bonus she could earn by working overtime?

    <p>Valence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do stretch goals have on risk-taking?

    <p>Increase willingness to take risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes characteristics of motivating goals according to goal-setting theory?

    <p>Challenging, specific, achievable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should Eisuke remember about setting goals?

    <p>Goals are useful only if they are achievable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach does modern job design follow?

    <p>Fitting jobs to people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do goals increase according to Marie's situation?

    <p>Persistence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the process of reducing the number of tasks a worker performs?

    <p>Scientific management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a goal that goes beyond expected achievements called?

    <p>Stretch goal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two means by which jobs are fitted to people?

    <p>Job enlargement, job enrichment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes increasing the number of tasks in a job on the assembly line?

    <p>Job enlargement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does dividing work among employees and applying motivational theories aim to do?

    <p>Increase employee satisfaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three major elements of Hackman & Oldham's job characteristics model?

    <p>Core job characteristics, psych states, work outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does goal setting motivate employees?

    <p>Fostering employee use of action plans, regulating efforts, increasing persistence, directing attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does scientific management aim to improve?

    <p>Employee productivity, reduce tasks, increase efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ideas does fitting jobs to people rely on?

    <p>Employees want responsibility, challenges, and variety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What focuses on five core job characteristics affecting psych states?

    <p>Job characteristics model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the core job characteristics in Hackman & Oldham's model?

    <p>Feedback, autonomy, skill variety, task significance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Tamika love about her job?

    <p>Skill variety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three critical psych states identified by the job characteristics model?

    <p>Responsibility for work outcomes, knowledge of results, meaningfulness of work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does reinforcement theory state?

    <p>Consequences influence behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do contingency factors refer to?

    <p>Degree to which individuals want personal and psychological development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for using reinforcement theory to change behavior?

    <p>Behavior modification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a professor giving bonus points for attendance exemplify?

    <p>Positive reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Jacob's job dissatisfaction indicate?

    <p>Low task identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would about half of US adults be willing to do for a meaningful job?

    <p>Take a 10% pay cut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does turning in an expense report to avoid nagging illustrate?

    <p>Negative reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must an incentive compensation plan include to be successful?

    <p>Link rewards to performance, agreed upon by employees and managers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pay for performance allows different salaried employees to get different pay raises and rewards.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pay-for-performance plan pays according to productivity?

    <p>Piece rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Money is the best motivator.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do sales representatives receive as a percentage of the company's sales?

    <p>Sales commission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of an incentive compensation plan?

    <p>Motivate employees to work harder for more money</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a cash reward for strong performance called?

    <p>Bonus program</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is crucial for an incentive compensation plan?

    <p>Measurable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does profit sharing involve?

    <p>Distribution of a portion of the company's profits to employees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does pay-for-performance refer to?

    <p>Basing pay on results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What compensation plan does Merilee's payment structure represent?

    <p>Piece rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of compensation does Louisa earn for selling a house?

    <p>Commission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gives employees the right to buy stock at a future date for a discounted price?

    <p>Stock options</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are cash awards for achieving specific performance objectives called?

    <p>Bonuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Tyler's salary increase for certification illustrate?

    <p>Pay for knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of learning opportunities?

    <p>Tuition reimbursement, learning and development, studying co-workers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes well-being according to Martin Seligman?

    <p>Positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and achievement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes a sense of belonging to something bigger than oneself?

    <p>Meaningfulness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of compensation ties pay to the number of job-relevant skills or degrees?

    <p>Pay for knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the economic potential of employee experience and actions?

    <p>Human capital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does flourishing encompass?

    <p>Extent of positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and achievement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strategies add meaningfulness to life?

    <p>Seek out activities you love, integrate strengths, help others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes employees' constructive expressions to managers?

    <p>Voice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a goal?

    <p>Objective that a person is trying to accomplish through their efforts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Ryo's lack of excitement about performance goals indicate?

    <p>Does not apply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Lucy want before taking on new job responsibilities?

    <p>Expectancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Mateo prefer over a bonus check?

    <p>Time off</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Thu's disinterest in a steak gift card illustrate?

    <p>Valence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Darius's lack of confidence in a project stem from?

    <p>Expectancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Catalina's anticipation of a bonus indicate?

    <p>Instrumentality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Madison's drive to succeed reflect?

    <p>Does not apply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Adnan's situation exemplify about performance incentives?

    <p>Instrumentality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Maslow, what does monthly salary satisfy?

    <p>Physiological need</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does health insurance and pension plans cover in Maslow's hierarchy?

    <p>Safety need</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a close-knit workplace culture fulfill in Maslow's hierarchy?

    <p>Love</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fulfills esteem needs in the workplace, according to Maslow?

    <p>Personal recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What need does reaching full potential satisfy in Maslow's hierarchy?

    <p>Self-actualization need</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique increases the likelihood of behavior repetition by removing discomfort?

    <p>Negative reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A behavior is likely repeated in future because it is ignored.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What increases the likelihood of behavior being repeated due to receiving something desired?

    <p>Positive reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Motivation

    • Motivation is influenced by various contextual and personal factors, inferred through behavior.
    • Extrinsic rewards include monetary incentives like raises.
    • Intrinsic rewards are feelings of accomplishment derived from task completion.

    Motivation Theories

    • There is not a single universally accepted theory of motivation; various theories exist.
    • The psychological processes that initiate and direct goal-directed behavior are encompassed by "motivation."
    • Major perspectives on motivation include process, reinforcement, job design, and content theories.

    Needs and Achievements

    • Needs, either physiological or psychological, spur behavior.
    • According to McClelland's theory, personal power stems from the desire to dominate others.
    • Individuals motivated by achievement seek challenging tasks and balanced feedback.

    Self-Determination Theory

    • This theory emphasizes growth through fulfilling three innate needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness.

    Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory

    • Motivating factors involve achievement, recognition, responsibility, and love for the work.
    • Dissatisfaction at work can be attributed to hygiene factors such as pay and work conditions.

    Equity and Justice Theories

    • Equity theory posits that fair treatment influences employee motivation.
    • Org justice assesses perceived fairness within organizations, essential for motivating employees.
    • The theory distinguishes outputs (rewards) and inputs (efforts) concerning perceived equity.

    Expectancy Theory

    • Expectancy theory is framed by the belief that efforts lead to performance, which then yields rewards.
    • Key concepts include effort-to-performance, performance-to-outcomes, expectancy, instrumentality, and valence.
    • Goals drive motivation by influencing effort, strategies, attention, and persistence.

    Job Design

    • Scientific management focuses on task reduction to enhance efficiency.
    • Modern job design involves fitting jobs to people, emphasizing job enlargement and enrichment.
    • Hackman & Oldham's job characteristics model highlights core characteristics impacting psychological states and work outcomes.

    Incentive Compensation Plans

    • Incentive plans link pay to performance, crucial for motivating employees to improve effort.
    • Types of compensation include bonuses, profit sharing, and commissions.
    • The effectiveness of incentive plans depends on alignment with measurable performance goals.

    Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

    • In Maslow's framework:
      • Physiological needs relate to monthly salaries.
      • Safety needs encompass health benefits and pensions.
      • Love relates to a close-knit workplace culture.
      • Esteem needs are met through recognition of work.
      • Self-actualization involves reaching one’s full potential at work.

    Employee Engagement and Well-Being

    • Well-being is a combination of positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and achievement.
    • Employees desire meaningful work, which influences motivation and satisfaction.

    Summary

    • Motivation theories are diverse, with each providing insights on different aspects of the motivational process.
    • Understanding the interplay of needs, goals, and systems of rewards is vital for improving workplace motivation and satisfaction.

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    Test your knowledge on motivation and incentives with these flashcards from Management Chapter 12. Explore concepts like extrinsic and intrinsic rewards and their impact on behavior. Perfect for students preparing for examinations in management studies.

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