Motivation Concepts Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the concept of an individual becoming extrinsically motivated for a previously enjoyed behavior?

  • A musician initially practices daily to improve their skills, but after joining a band, they are motivated to practice even more to contribute to the group.
  • An athlete initially trains for the joy of competition, but after undergoing extensive physical rehabilitation, they experience a renewed appreciation for training.
  • A student initially enjoys writing essays but after receiving high grades consistently, they become disinterested in writing.
  • A child initially enjoys drawing, but after receiving a monetary reward for each drawing they complete, they start drawing more often for the reward. (correct)

Based on the passage, what is a potential consequence of receiving extrinsic reinforcement for an intrinsically motivated behavior?

  • The individual may feel a sense of accomplishment and motivation to continue the behavior even without the reward.
  • The individual may become more dependent on the external reinforcement and lose intrinsic motivation for the behavior. (correct)
  • The individual may become more confident in their abilities leading to improved performance in the behavior.
  • The behavior becomes more enjoyable as the individual is aware of their progress and accomplishment.

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the concept of intrinsic motivation as discussed in the passage?

  • Intrinsic motivation is primarily influenced by the perceived likelihood of success in achieving a particular goal.
  • Intrinsic motivation is primarily driven by the pursuit of external rewards and recognition, such as money or status.
  • Intrinsic motivation originates from internal factors, such as personal satisfaction or enjoyment, driving our behaviors. (correct)
  • Intrinsic motivation arises from external factors that influence our behaviors, such as social pressure or rewards.

Which of the following is an accurate interpretation of the quote "Choose a job that you love, and you will never have to work a day in your life" as presented in the passage?

<p>The passage suggests that the quote may be an oversimplification, as extrinsic reinforcement can diminish the enjoyment of previously intrinsically motivated behaviors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following situations best demonstrates the potential impact of extrinsic motivation on intrinsic motivation as described in the passage?

<p>A writer initially writes for personal satisfaction but after publishing their work, they find it more challenging to write purely for themselves. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE about Maslow's theory of human needs, based on the information provided?

<p>Maslow's theory has been widely criticized for its narrow focus on individualistic values, which makes it less applicable to collectivistic cultures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, which of the following statements BEST describes Maslow's model of self-actualization?

<p>Self-actualization is the highest stage of human development and is characterized by a focus on personal growth and fulfillment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts is MOST similar to the Haudenosaunee concept of the Seven Generation Principle?

<p>The Blackfoot concept of cultural perpetuity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements BEST reflects the key difference between Maslow's model and the Blackfoot model of human needs?

<p>Maslow's model is more focused on achieving a state of self-actualization, while the Blackfoot model views self-actualization as an inherent trait. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is NOT a conclusion that can be drawn from the provided information?

<p>Maslow's model was entirely influenced by Indigenous understandings of human needs, showcasing the limited scope of his theory. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios would likely lead to a decrease in Odessa's intrinsic motivation for baking?

<p>Odessa's friend offers to pay her for baking a birthday cake for their child. (C), Odessa's baking skills are recognized by a local bakery owner who offers her a paid apprenticeship. (E), Odessa's baking begins to sell well, leading to an increase in financial income. (G)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT a significant contributor to intrinsic motivation in educational settings?

<p>The frequency of standardized testing and assessments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory of motivation best aligns with the idea that an individual's urge to eat when hungry is driven by a need to restore physiological balance?

<p>Drive Reduction Theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, how might the overjustification effect be applied to understand the motivation of a student in a music class?

<p>A student who initially enjoys playing the piano may lose interest if they are given a paid opportunity to perform at a concert. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the difference between James's instinct theory and the drive reduction theory of motivation?

<p>James's theory primarily focuses on innate, species-specific behaviors as motivators, while drive reduction theory emphasizes the role of physiological needs and drives. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between the set-point theory and metabolic rate?

<p>The set-point theory predicts that metabolic rate will fluctuate to maintain weight at the set-point, but research has not supported this. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a health consequence associated with obesity?

<p>Increased risk of developing pancreatitis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between Prader-Willi Syndrome and the set-point theory?

<p>Prader-Willi Syndrome challenges the set-point theory by showing that weight regulation can be significantly affected by genetic disorders. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements BEST reflects the passage's perspective on the use of the set-point theory?

<p>The set-point theory is a simplistic model with limitations but remains a useful tool for understanding some aspects of weight regulation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the relationship between bulimia nervosa and the set-point theory?

<p>Bulimia nervosa challenges the set-point theory by showing that individuals with eating disorders can deviate significantly from their set-points. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes binge eating disorder from simple overeating?

<p>Presence of distress following a binge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological issues are commonly associated with anorexia nervosa?

<p>Substance abuse and mood disorders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic is identified as at the highest risk for developing anorexia nervosa?

<p>Caucasian females from Western societies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In animal research, which area of the hypothalamus is crucial for sexual behavior in rats?

<p>Medial preoptic area (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of Dr. Alfred Kinsey's research in human sexuality?

<p>It presented empirical data on private sexual behaviors to the American public. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one significant consequence of Kinsey's research being published?

<p>Bans on the publication of similar research in many countries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the sexual response cycle is characterized by rhythmic contractions in women?

<p>Orgasm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key finding of Masters and Johnson's research regarding physiological responses during sexual behavior?

<p>Both genders experience increased muscle tone during the plateau phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Kinsey scale categorize?

<p>The emotional and erotic attractions a person has towards others (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which misconception about sexual anatomy was dispelled by Masters and Johnson's research?

<p>The size of a man's erect penis is directly related to his ability to provide pleasure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, what is the main reason that individuals are more likely to engage in behaviors that reduce a drive in the future?

<p>The behavior becomes habitual and associated with the drive state. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between arousal level and task performance as defined by Yerkes-Dodson law?

<p>Simple tasks are performed best at higher arousal levels, whereas complex tasks require lower arousal levels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the passage, which of the following is a primary characteristic of self-efficacy, as described by Albert Bandura?

<p>Self-efficacy is based on an individual's belief in their capability to achieve a goal. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between drive theory and the optimal arousal model?

<p>Drive theory focuses on biological needs and drives, while the optimal arousal model considers the role of arousal levels in motivation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a need categorized under the domain of human power?

<p>Achievement (C), Recognition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the role of leptin in long-term hunger regulation?

<p>Leptin, secreted by adipose cells, functions as a signal to the brain about the body's energy stores, suppressing appetite and promoting weight loss when levels are high. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) in regulating hunger and satiety?

<p>The LH, associated with hunger, promotes eating behavior, while the VMH, involved in satiety, helps regulate feelings of fullness and stops eating. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which the brain evaluates the contents of the gut?

<p>Through direct communication with the stomach via the vagus nerve, sending signals about nutrient levels and distention. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these hormones, when released, would most likely stimulate hunger?

<p>Ghrelin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the role of stretch receptors in regulating short-term hunger?

<p>Stretch receptors in the GI tract signal the brain to suppress appetite when the tract becomes distended. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Motivation

The wants or needs that direct behaviour toward a goal.

Intrinsic Motivation

Motivation arising from internal factors, seeking personal satisfaction.

Extrinsic Motivation

Motivation that arises from external factors, like rewards or recognition.

Mix of Intrinsic and Extrinsic

Most people have a combination of both internal and external motivations.

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Job Satisfaction Paradox

Enjoying a job can make it feel like work, reducing its enjoyment.

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Overjustification Effect

Intrinsic motivation decreases when extrinsic rewards are introduced.

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Intrinsic vs Extrinsic Motivation

Intrinsic motivation comes from within, while extrinsic motivation comes from outside rewards like praise or money.

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Verbal vs Tangible Rewards

Verbal praise boosts intrinsic motivation; tangible rewards like money can reduce it.

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Drive Reduction Theory

Behavior is motivated by the need to maintain homeostasis when physiological needs arise.

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Role of Classroom Environment

A supportive class environment enhances students' intrinsic motivation to learn.

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Maslow's Self-Actualization

The realization of personal potential and seeking personal growth.

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Self-Transcendence

Striving for meaning and purpose beyond personal needs, proposed by Maslow later in life.

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Blackfoot Model of Actualization

A model emphasizing community and cultural perpetuity as essential for individual growth.

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Cultural Perpetuity

The belief that knowledge and wisdom within a community can endure indefinitely through traditions.

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Netukulimk Principle

Mi'kmaq concept of interconnectedness between community and land resources.

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Drive Theory

A psychological theory that explains motivation through physiological needs that drive behavior, such as hunger via low blood sugar.

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Optimal Arousal Model

The theory suggesting there is an optimal level of arousal for performance, where moderate arousal is typically best.

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Yerkes-Dodson Law

A principle stating that the optimal arousal level for performance depends on the complexity of the task; simpler tasks need higher arousal.

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Self-Efficacy

An individual's belief in their own ability to succeed in tasks, influencing motivation and goal-setting.

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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A motivational theory that arranges needs in a pyramid, from basic physiological needs to self-actualization at the top.

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Physiological mechanisms of hunger

Biological processes that trigger the sensation of hunger in response to energy needs.

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Hunger pangs

Physical sensations indicating the need for food, often due to stomach contractions.

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Leptin

A hormone secreted by fat cells that helps regulate energy balance and suppress appetite when body fat is high.

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Lateral hypothalamus (LH)

Brain region primarily responsible for initiating hunger and eating behaviors.

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Short-term hunger regulation

Processes involving immediate appetite control influenced by nutrient levels and hormonal signals.

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Kinsey's Research

Research on human sexuality highlighting diverse sexual behaviors and experiences.

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Kinsey Scale

A continuum categorizing sexual orientation from heterosexual to homosexual.

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Masters and Johnson

Researchers who studied physiological responses during sexual behavior, observing nearly 700 people.

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Sexual Response Cycle

The cycle consisting of four phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

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Refractory Period

Time after orgasm when an individual cannot achieve another orgasm, longer in men with age.

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Caloric Balance

The relationship between calories consumed and calories burned.

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Metabolic Rate

The rate at which your body expends energy over time.

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Set-Point Theory

The theory that each person has a genetically determined ideal body weight.

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Prader-Willi Syndrome

A genetic disorder causing intense hunger and low metabolism.

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Bulimia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging.

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Binge Eating Disorder

An eating disorder marked by binge eating without compensatory behaviors like purging, resulting in distress.

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Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by an extreme restriction of food intake leading to dangerously low body weight and a distorted body image.

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Impact of Anorexia

Anorexia nervosa can lead to severe health issues like bone loss, heart failure, and amenorrhea.

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Cultural Risk Factors

Anorexia nervosa and bulimia are more prevalent in cultures that promote a thin ideal, particularly among Caucasian females.

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Kinsey’s Research

Dr. Alfred Kinsey conducted large-scale surveys on human sexuality, revealing private behaviors to public scrutiny.

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Study Notes

Motivation

  • Motivation directs behavior toward goals, driven by wants or needs.
  • Types:
    • Biological motives
    • Intrinsic motivation (internal satisfaction)
    • Extrinsic motivation (external rewards).
  • College motivation: Intrinsic or extrinsic (learning vs. career goals).
  • Mixed motivations are common and change over time.
  • Overjustification effect: Intrinsic motivation decreases with extrinsic reinforcement.
  • Examples: baking for fun (intrinsic) vs. baking at work (extrinsic)
  • Physical vs. verbal reinforcement: Tangible rewards (money) are more detrimental to intrinsic motivation than intangible rewards (praise).
  • Cultural influence: Collectivistic cultures prioritize group needs, impacting behavior motivations.
  • Educational settings: Intrinsic learning involves classroom belonging, respect, and student control over learning.

Theories About Motivation

  • William James: Behavior is driven by instincts (species-specific, unlearned behaviors).
  • Controversy over instinct definition existed among contemporaries.

Drive Reduction Theory

  • Maintains homeostasis (body balance).
  • Deviations from homeostasis create drive states (e.g., hunger).
  • Drive reduction behaviors are reinforced.

Optimal Arousal Model

  • Optimal level of arousal affects performance.
  • Moderate arousal is optimal, high/low arousal hinders performance.
  • Yerkes-Dodson law: Optimal arousal depends on task complexity (simple tasks need high arousal and complex tasks need low arousal).

Self-Efficacy and Social Motives

  • Self-efficacy: Belief in one's ability to perform a task.
  • Social motives include achievement, affiliation, and intimacy.

Models of Needs

  • Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (physiological, safety, social, self-esteem, self-actualization).
  • Self-actualization: Achieving one's full potential.
  • Criticism: Subjectivity and lack of cross-cultural universality.
  • Blackfoot vs. Maslow's model: Community and cultural continuity are central to the Blackfoot model.

Physiological Mechanisms of Hunger and Eating

  • Hunger sensations: Stomach contractions, low blood glucose.
  • Satiation: Fullness, increased blood glucose, GI tract signals, leptin.
  • Hypothalamus: Lateral hypothalamus (LH) for hunger and ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) for satiety.

Hormones

  • Ghrelin (hunger), peptide YY and leptin (fullness).
  • Leptin (long-term hunger regulation).

Metabolism and Body Weight

  • Body weight regulation: Energy balance (calories in vs. calories out).
  • Set-point theory: Ideal body weight, resistant to change.
  • Criticisms: Lacks empirical support for set-point theory.

Obesity

  • Health risks associated with obesity.
  • Prevalence rates in the United States.

Prader-Willi Syndrome

  • Genetic disorder causing intense hunger.
  • Associated with cognitive and emotional problems..
  • Hypothalamic abnormalities.

Eating Disorders

  • Bulimia nervosa: Binge eating, compensation (purging, exercise).
  • Anorexia nervosa: Starvation or excessive exercise, distorted body image.
  • Binge eating disorder: Binge eating without compensatory behaviors.

Physiological Mechanisms of Sexual Behavior and Motivation

  • Hypothalamus: Medial preoptic area (sexual behavior).
  • Limbic system (amygdala, nucleus accumbens): sexual motivation.
  • Hormones: Testosterone plays a role in sexual motivation.

Kinsey's Research

  • Large-scale surveys on human sexual behavior.
  • Findings: women's sexual interest, masturbation, homosexuality.

Masters and Johnson's Research

  • Observation of sexual response cycle.
  • Phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution.
  • Findings on sexual anatomy and response.

Sexual Orientation

  • Continuum of sexual attraction.
  • Biological factors likely contribute to sexual orientation.
  • Conversion therapy ineffective and harmful.

Gender Identity

  • Gender identity vs. sexual orientation.
  • Gender dysphoria: Discomfort with assigned gender.
  • Gender as a spectrum.

Cultural Factors

  • Cultural display rules of emotion.
  • Varying definitions of sexual orientation and gender across cultures.

Theories of Emotion

  • James-Lange: Emotion follows physiological arousal.
  • Cannon-Bard: Emotion and physiological arousal occur simultaneously.
  • Schachter-Singer two-factor: Emotion is a function of physiological arousal and cognitive label.
  • Cognitive-mediational: Appraisal mediates between stimulus and emotional response.
  • Facial feedback: Facial expressions can influence emotions.

Biology of Emotions

  • Limbic system (hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus).
  • Amygdala: Fear, anxiety, learned associations.
  • Hippocampus: emotional processing, memory.
  • Cultural display rules for emotions.

Facial Expressions and Recognition

  • Universal facial expressions for basic emotions (happiness, sadness, fear, surprise, disgust).

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