22 Questions
What is the primary purpose of health indicators in public health?
To provide comparable and actionable information across different geographic, organizational, or administrative boundaries and/or to track progress over time.
What is the hierarchy of concepts in the field of public health, from most basic to most advanced?
Data, Indicator, Information, Knowledge, Action
What is the difference between metrics, indicators, and performance indicators?
Metrics are general measures, indicators are specific types of metrics, and performance indicators are types of health indicators.
What is the classification of health indicators based on their association with health?
Positive and negative health indicators, depending on whether they are directly or inversely associated with health.
What is an example of primary data collection method involving direct interaction with the respondent?
Direct personal investigation or Telephonic interview
What is the characteristic of a valid health indicator?
It effectively measures only what it attempts to measure and represents a true expression of the phenomena it is measuring.
What is an example of a secondary data source that provides information on health indicators?
Census data or government health records
What is the characteristic of a sensitive health indicator?
It has the capacity to measure changes of the phenomena of interest.
What is the characteristic of a specific health indicator?
It reflects changes only of the situation/phenomenon it is related to, and not of similar or unrelated events.
What is an example of an online resource that provides information on health indicators?
What is an example of a primary data collection method that involves indirect interaction with the respondent?
Mailed questionnaire or Information through correspondents
What is the characteristic of a measurable health indicator?
Data should be available or easy to obtain.
What is an example of a secondary data source that provides information on environmental indicators?
GPS remote sensing or Journal articles
What is an example of a primary data collection method that involves enumerators?
The questionnaire filled by enumerators
What is an example of a nutritional indicator that measures acute malnutrition in preschool children?
Weight
What do environmental indicators measure in a community?
Proportion of population having access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities, prevalence of communicable disease, and air and water pollution
What is the purpose of health care delivery indicators?
To reflect the equity of distribution of health resources in different parts of a country and provision of health care
What is an example of a primary data collection method?
Conducting a population census
What is an example of a nutritional indicator that measures chronic malnutrition in preschool children?
Height and mid-arm circumference
What is an example of a health care delivery indicator that measures the distribution of health resources?
Doctor-population ratio
What is an example of a secondary data source?
Published or unpublished sources
What is an example of a nutritional indicator that measures maternal nutrition status?
Newborn's birth weight and head circumference
Study Notes
Methods of Collecting Data
- Primary data can be collected through direct personal investigation, indirect oral investigation, information through correspondents, telephonic interview, mailed questionnaire, and questionnaire filled by enumerators.
- Secondary data can be collected through censuses, government departments, internet searches, libraries, electoral records, statistics, tax reports, and journals.
Health Indicators
- Examples of mortality indicators include Infant Mortality Rate, Maternal Mortality Ratio, and Mortality From Acute Respiratory Infection In Children Under Age Five.
- Nutritional status indicators vary in measurement and include:
- Newborn: birth weight and head circumference, reflecting maternal nutrition status.
- Preschool children: weight measures acute malnutrition, and height and mid-arm circumference measure chronic malnutrition.
- Children: weight, height, head, and chest circumference are measured.
- Adult: underweight, obesity, and anemia are reliable nutritional indicators.
- Prevalence of low birth weight and poverty level are also indicators.
- Environmental indicators reflect the quality of physical and biological environment and measure:
- Proportion of population having access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities.
- Prevalence of communicable disease in the community.
- Air and water pollution, radiation, noise, and exposure to toxic substance in food.
Health Care Delivery Indicators
- These indicators reflect the equity of distribution of health resources in different parts of the country and provision of health care.
- Examples include doctor-population ratio, doctor-nurse ratio, and population-bed ratio.
Types of Data
- Primary data is first-hand information collected by an investigator, original, and more reliable.
- Secondary data is second-hand information, not originally collected, and obtained from already published or unpublished sources.
Data, Indicator, and Health Indicator
- The hierarchy of concepts in public health is: data → indicator → information → knowledge → action.
- A health indicator is related to different types of health measures, and health system performance indicators are a type of health indicator.
Classification of Health Indicators
- Health indicators can be classified as positive or negative, depending on whether they are associated directly or inversely with health.
- Characteristics and criteria of indicators include:
- Valid: effectively measures what it attempts to measure.
- Reliable / objective: results of the measurement should be the same when performed by other people or under similar circumstances.
- Sensitive: has the capacity to measure changes of the phenomena of interest.
- Specific: reflects changes only of the situation/phenomenon it is related to, and not of similar or unrelated events.
- Measurable: data should be available or easy to obtain.
This quiz covers the different methods of collecting primary and secondary data, including direct personal investigation, indirect oral investigation, and more. Test your knowledge of data collection techniques!
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