Week 1: Chapter 2 Methods in the Study of Personality
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Questions and Answers

What is a key characteristic that differentiates an experiment from a correlational study?

  • Measurement of variables only
  • Manipulation of the independent variable (correct)
  • Random sampling of participants
  • Use of control groups

In the context of the passage, what aspect of self-esteem might have affected the outcomes of the experiment?

  • The level of sociability among participants
  • The pressure to perform in the experiment (correct)
  • Participants' beliefs about their abilities
  • The physical appearance of the participants

Which statement best summarizes the problem with inferring causation from experimental results?

  • Experimental designs eliminate all external influences.
  • Causation can be definitively established in all experiments.
  • Confounding variables always create misleading results.
  • It can be unclear what specific aspect of the manipulation caused the effect. (correct)

When comparing heavy and thin individuals’ sociability, which method is being utilized if the independent variable is not manipulated?

<p>Correlational study (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should researchers be cautious about when interpreting results from experiments?

<p>Other unexamined factors affecting outcomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature of an experiment often complicates the interpretation of results?

<p>The introduction of multiple independent variables (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a defining characteristic of experimental designs?

<p>Establishment of correlation between variables (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In analyzing the impact of low self-esteem resulting from failure, which factor might need further investigation according to the passage?

<p>The experimental setting and its influence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the experiment described in the content?

<p>To establish whether academic outcomes can causally affect self-esteem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is employed to ensure that participant characteristics do not skew the results?

<p>Implementing random assignment to different conditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is experimental control important in this type of research?

<p>It ensures that only the manipulated variable influences the outcome. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of manipulating success or failure in the experiment?

<p>To provide a noticeable difference in experience between groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following variables cannot be controlled in the experiment?

<p>Participant motivation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can researchers deal with variations in self-esteem inherent in participants?

<p>By ensuring equal distribution of participants across different conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes random assignment in experimental research?

<p>Participants have equal chances of being placed in any condition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely ethical concern regarding the manipulation of success and failure?

<p>It could lead to long-lasting negative feelings in participants experiencing failure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key drawback of experimental research in psychology?

<p>It often deals with variable manipulation that lacks relevance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advantage do correlational studies have over experimental designs?

<p>They can examine long-term effects and situations where manipulation is unethical. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might personality psychologists be cautious about conclusions drawn from experimental data?

<p>Experimental outcomes are often related to momentary states rather than ingrained personality traits. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary limitation of correlational research identified by personality psychologists?

<p>It disregards the complexities of personality development. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of personality research, what is meant by 'multifactor designs'?

<p>Studies that examine multiple predictors simultaneously. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario is considered unethical in experimental manipulation?

<p>Manipulating academic success to assess self-esteem. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a consequence of 'reasoning by analogy' in psychological experiments?

<p>It may lead to misleading conclusions about personality traits. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common issue with experiments related to self-esteem in psychological research?

<p>Brief tasks may not accurately represent long-term self-esteem dynamics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Experimental Method

A research method that manipulates one variable to observe its effect on another, while controlling other variables.

Hypothesis

A testable prediction about the relationship between two or more variables.

Experimental Control

Ensuring all aspects of an experiment, except for the manipulated variable, are consistent and the same for all participants.

Random Assignment

Assigning participants to different conditions (e.g., success, failure) randomly, to balance out possible pre-existing differences among participants.

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Manipulated Variable

The variable a researcher changes or controls in an experiment.

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Measured Variable

The variable a researcher measures to determine the effect of another variable, often an outcome of manipulation.

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Experimental vs. Correlational Studies

Experiments manipulate an independent variable and randomly assign participants to groups to determine its effect on a dependent variable. Correlational studies measure existing relationships between variables without manipulation or random assignment.

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Independent Variable

The variable that is manipulated by the researcher in an experiment. It might cause an effect on other measured variables.

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Dependent Variable

The variable that is measured to observe the effect of the independent variable.

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Random Assignment

Assigning participants to different groups (e.g., experimental or control) randomly, to lessen differences between groups before the experiment begins.

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Manipulation in Experiments, Caveat

While experiments show manipulation causes differences, they can't always be sure exactly how the manipulation caused the effect.

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Correlational Studies: Different appearances

Results of correlational studies don't always appear as correlations. They may just give comparisons between groups on a measure without mentioning correlation.

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Experiment vs Correlational Studies(Example)

Example: Studying sociable tendencies among people who are 40% overweight and 40% underweight shows a comparison, but it's not necessarily experimental if no manipulation or random assignment was involved.

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Correlational Studies and Personality

Correlational studies examine events over long periods (decades), and explore complex events. They can investigate situations where experimental manipulation would be unethical, for example, the effect of divorce on personality.

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Drawbacks of Experiments on Personality

Difficulties arise when determining which aspects of an experimental manipulation led to the results, and experiments often focus on short-term, controlled events, limiting real-world applicability to personality traits.

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Limitations of Brief Experiments

Experiments on a short task can misrepresent long-term personality traits and not capture broader issues of personality. A temporary state differs from enduring personality.

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Multifactor Designs in Personality Research

Personality research often explores multiple variables (predictors) instead of just one. This is done using multifactor designs, assessing the combined effects of multiple predictor variables.

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Reasoning by Analogy

Inferences about broader personality traits based on brief experimental outcomes can be misleading. Drawing conclusions about a complex trait based on short-term experiments.

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Combining Approaches in Research

Personality psychologists often use both correlational and experimental methods. They accept the limitations of causal inference in correlations to gain wider insight into human behaviour.

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Study Notes

Methods in the Study of Personality

  • Defining case studies, experience sampling, and generality: Case studies are in-depth studies of individuals, often over long periods, involving observation and interviews. Experience sampling involves repeatedly prompting individuals to report on their experiences. Generality refers to the extent to which conclusions can be applied to a wider population.

  • Gathering info: There are two primary sources of information about personality: personal experience (introspection) and observing others. Both have limitations.

  • Case studies: Used to gain a comprehensive understanding of a person. They are detailed in their observations, and are particularly good for generating hypotheses. However, they can lack generality, as they only apply to one person (or a few).

  • Experience sampling: People are asked to report on aspects of their experience at various intervals (e.g., via cell phone prompts). It's a means of understanding immediate, real-time experience, and avoids the recall bias involved in introspection.

  • Correlation: Two variables correlate if their levels tend to go together systematically. There is a strength and direction to correlations. A perfect positive correlation is 1.0 (as in one variable increases, the other increases), negative is -1.0 (as one increases, the other decreases), and a 0.0 has no correlation.

  • Causality: Correlational studies cannot establish causality. Three possibilities exist: one variable causes the other, the other variable causes the first, or a third variable causes both. Experiments can establish causality.

  • Experimental method: Researchers manipulate an independent variable and control other variables to observe its effect on a dependent variable. Random assignment is crucial to ensure groups are similar prior to the manipulation.

  • Multifactor studies: Combine multiple experimental manipulations and/or individual differences to study complex relationships. This enables researchers to examine interactions between variables. Main effects are when one variable is linked to the outcome, separately from the other variable. Interactions occur when the relationship between two variables depends on the level of a third variable.

  • Significance: Statistical significance indicates the likelihood that observed correlations or differences between groups are not due to chance. Clinical or practical significance considers if the effect found is meaningful in real-world applications.

  • Summary: Personality research uses both correlational studies and experiments to understand the complexities of the individual. Experiments try to establish cause-and-effect. Correlational studies reveal relationships and trends. Both help build understanding.

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Methods in the Study of Personality PDF

Description

Explore various methods used in the study of personality, including case studies and experience sampling. This quiz delves into the definitions, strengths, and limitations of these approaches. Enhance your understanding of how different techniques contribute to the field of personality psychology.

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