Méthodes de recherche en psychologie
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Un chercheur souhaite évaluer l'impact d'un nouveau programme éducatif sur les compétences en lecture des élèves de CM2. Quelle méthode de recherche serait la plus appropriée pour déterminer si le programme est la cause directe de l'amélioration des compétences en lecture ?

  • Réaliser une étude de cas auprès de quelques élèves ayant participé au programme pour recueillir des données qualitatives détaillées.
  • Mener une étude corrélationnelle pour observer la relation entre la participation au programme et les scores aux tests de lecture.
  • Mener une enquête auprès des enseignants pour recueillir leurs opinions sur l'efficacité du programme en se basant sur leurs observations en classe.
  • Effectuer une expérience contrôlée en assignant aléatoirement des élèves à un groupe témoin et à un groupe expérimental, puis comparer leurs progrès en lecture. (correct)

Dans une étude sur l'anxiété sociale chez les adolescents, les participants remplissent un questionnaire sur leurs symptômes d'anxiété et sont ensuite observés lors d'une interaction sociale simulée. Quel est le principal risque pour la validité de cette étude ?

  • La menace de maturation, où les changements naturels liés à l'âge affectent les niveaux d'anxiété des participants.
  • Le biais de sélection, où les participants de l'étude ne sont pas représentatifs de la population des adolescents souffrant d'anxiété sociale.
  • L'effet Hawthorne, où les participants modifient leur comportement parce qu'ils savent qu'ils sont observés. (correct)
  • La régression vers la moyenne, où les scores extrêmes ont tendance à se rapprocher de la moyenne lors de mesures répétées.

Un chercheur réalise une étude pour examiner l'effet d'une nouvelle thérapie sur la réduction des symptômes dépressifs. Il constate une diminution significative de la dépression dans le groupe traité. Cependant, il remarque également que les participants de ce groupe ont tendance à être plus motivés et engagés dans le traitement que ceux du groupe témoin. Comment cette différence de motivation pourrait-elle affecter la conclusion de l'étude ?

  • Elle pourrait renforcer la validité interne de l'étude en démontrant que la thérapie est efficace pour les personnes motivées.
  • Elle pourrait introduire un biais de confusion, rendant difficile de déterminer si l'amélioration est due à la thérapie ou à la motivation des participants. (correct)
  • Elle pourrait affecter la validité externe de l'étude, limitant la généralisation des résultats à d'autres populations.
  • Elle n'aurait aucun impact significatif, car la motivation est un facteur personnel qui ne relève pas du chercheur.

Une équipe de chercheurs souhaite mener une étude transculturelle sur les pratiques parentales et le développement de l'autonomie chez les enfants. Quels aspects méthodologiques devraient-ils considérer attentivement pour éviter les biais culturels dans leur recherche ?

<p>Collaborer avec des chercheurs locaux pour adapter les instruments de mesure et les procédures de collecte de données aux contextes culturels spécifiques. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dans une étude longitudinale, des chercheurs suivent un groupe d'enfants de l'âge de 5 ans jusqu'à l'âge de 15 ans pour étudier le développement de leurs compétences sociales. Après 10 ans, ils constatent que de nombreux participants ont abandonné l'étude, ce qui pourrait affecter les résultats. Comment cet attrition pourrait-il biaiser les conclusions de la recherche ?

<p>L'attrition pourrait introduire un biais si les participants qui ont abandonné l'étude diffèrent systématiquement de ceux qui sont restés, par exemple en termes de compétences sociales initiales. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher wants to determine the specific heat of a new alloy. They apply 500 J of heat to a 25.0 g sample, and the temperature increases from 20.0°C to 45.0°C. Which calculation correctly determines the specific heat of the alloy?

<p>$c = \frac{500}{25.0 \times (45.0 - 20.0)}$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A 15.0 g sample of chromium at 30.0°C absorbs 50.0 J of heat. What is the final temperature of the chromium, given that the specific heat of chromium is 0.455 J/g·K?

<p>37.3°C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A calorimeter contains 100.0 g of water at 22.0°C. A 50.0 g piece of iron at 80.0°C is placed into the water. Assuming no heat is lost to the surroundings, what is the final temperature of the water and iron? (Specific heat of water = 4.184 J/g·K, specific heat of iron = 0.450 J/g·K)

<p>25.6°C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

You have two metal blocks, A and B, with equal masses. Metal A has a specific heat twice that of metal B. If both blocks absorb the same amount of heat, which of the following statements is true regarding their temperature changes?

<p>The temperature change of metal B will be twice that of metal A. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An unknown metal with a mass of 20.0 g at a temperature of 90.0°C is placed in 50.0 g of water at 25.0°C. The final temperature of the water and metal is 28.6°C. What is the specific heat of the metal? (Specific heat of water = 4.184 J/g·K)

<p>0.81 J/g·K (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When heating a substance, how does the energy supplied during a phase change (e.g., melting or boiling) primarily manifest?

<p>It breaks the intermolecular forces holding the substance in its current phase, without changing the temperature. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A beaker contains a mixture of ice and water at equilibrium. If heat is added slowly to the system, what will primarily happen to the temperature of the mixture as the ice melts?

<p>The temperature will remain constant at 0°C until all the ice melts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does steam at 100°C cause more severe burns than water at 100°C?

<p>Steam transfers additional energy upon condensing into liquid water due to its latent heat of vaporization. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When comparing the energy required to heat 1 gram of water from 20°C to 30°C versus the energy required to convert 1 gram of water at 100°C to steam at 100°C, which of the following statements is accurate?

<p>Converting the water to steam requires significantly more energy than heating it from 20°C to 30°C. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A metal block is heated and then placed in a calorimeter containing water. Which of the following factors will influence the final equilibrium temperature of the water and metal block?

<p>The specific heat capacities, masses, and initial temperatures of both the metal block and the water. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the specific heat capacity of substance A is higher than that of substance B, what can be inferred about equal masses of both substances?

<p>Substance A will require more energy to achieve the same temperature change as substance B. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a calorimetry experiment, a small amount of heat is lost to the surroundings. How will this heat loss affect the calculated specific heat capacity of the substance being tested?

<p>The calculated specific heat capacity will be higher than the actual value. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do different materials have different specific heat capacities?

<p>Because different materials require different amounts of energy to raise the temperature of 1 gram by 1 degree Celsius due to variations in molecular structure and bonding. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Specific Heat

Amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius (or 1 Kelvin).

Heat Energy Equation

Q = mcΔT, where Q is heat energy, m is mass, c is specific heat, and ΔT is the change in temperature.

Calculating Mass from Heat Energy

The mass is determined by rearranging the heat energy equation Q=mcΔT to solve for m: m = Q / (cΔT).

Calculating Temperature Change

Temperature change (ΔT) is calculated by rearranging the heat energy equation to solve for ΔT: ΔT = Q / (mc).

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Identifying a Metal

To identify a metal, calculate its specific heat using Q=mcΔT, then compare the calculated value to known specific heat values.

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Latent Heat

The heat required to change a substance's phase without changing its temperature (melting or boiling).

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Heat of Fusion

The heat required to change the phase from solid to liquid.

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Heat of Vaporization

Heat required to change the phase from liquid to gas.

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Specific Heat Capacity

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius.

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Latent Heat Formula

The formula for calculating heat transfer during a phase change: Q = m * L, where Q is heat, m is mass, and L is latent heat.

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Specific Heat Formula

The formula for calculating heat transfer within a phase: Q = mcΔT, where Q is heat, m is mass, c is specific heat, and ΔT is the change in temperature.

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Melting Ice at 0°C

The heat needed to melt 1 gram of ice at 0°C to water at 0°C.

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Boiling Water to Steam

The heat needed to change 1 gram of boiling water at 100°C to steam at 100°C.

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Study Notes

Phase Change

  • All matter exists in solid, liquid, or gaseous phases.
  • Water serves as the most common substance due to its abundance and accessible temperatures across phases.
    • Latent heat is applied during a phase change where there is no change in temperature.
      • For fusion (melting): Q = m * Lf, Lf = 334 J/g for water
      • For vaporization (boiling): Q = m * Lv, Lv = 2260 J/g for water
    • Specific heat is applied when there is a change in temperature within a phase.
      • Q = mcΔT

Example Problem 1

  • The heat to change 1 gram of 0°C ice to water at 0°C is 334 J.
  • Q=MLf=(1)((1)(334)=334J

Example Problem 2

  • To rise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C requires 4.18J.
  • Q=MCΔT (1)(4.18)(1)

Example Problem 3

  • The heat to change 1 gram of 100°C boiling water to 100°C steam is 2260J.
  • Q=MLv (1)(1)(2260) = 2260J

Example Problem 4

  • Heat needed to go from 1 gram of 0° ice to 100°C steam.
    • Heat Needed = 334J (ice to water)+ 418J (raise water temp)+ 2260 (water to steam)

Example Problem 5

  • Amount of heat needed to both melt 1g of 0°C ice, and then turn it into water at 23°C is equal to 430.14 J
  • Q = mLf+ mcΔT = (1)(334)+ (1)(23)(4.18)

Example Problem 6

  • The heat needed to melt 50g of ice is 16700J.
  • To determine the temperature change if 16700) is applied to the water: 16700=mcΔT

Specific Heat Capacity

  • Q = mcAT is also used in these calculations

Problem example 1

  • To determine the specific heat of aluminum.
  • It takes 132.8J to heat 11.17g of aluminum from 15.73°C to 28.94°C.
  • 132.8= (11.17)(c)(13.21)
  • c = 0.897

Problem example 2

  • To determine the specific heat of copper.
  • 242.2J to heat 81.6g of copper from 27.5°C to 35.2°C
  • c= 0.385

Problem example 3

  • To determine the mass of lead.
  • Given is lead specific heat of 0.129 J/gK and it takes 93.4J of energy to heat from 22.3°C to 40.4°C
  • m=48.929

Problem example 4

  • To determine the mass of copper.
  • Given is copper specific heat of 0.385J/gK, it takes 209.9J to heat sample of copper from 24.3°C to 49.9°C,
  • m=2.139

Problem example 5

  • To determine the temperature increase.
  • Given is the specific heat of copper 0.385J and heat applied if equal to 81.2J to 17.8g of copper by how much will the copper temp increase.
  • ΔT=11.8°C

Problem example 6

  • To determine the temperature of silver.
  • Specific heat of silver is 0.235J if 29.1J of heat is applied to 11.4 g increase temp
  • ΔT= 10.89

Problem example 7

  • To determine the final temperature of chromium.
  • Specific heat of chromium 0.455J find final temp after 35.9 of energy is removed from 11.7g of chromium at 28.5°C.
  • Final Temperature= 19.6°C

Problem example 8

  • To determine the final temperature of iron.
  • Specific heat of iron is 0.450J final temp after 103.4J of energy is removed from 98.2g of iron at 87.3°C
  • Final Temperature = 85°C

Problem example 9

  • To determine the energy amount for gold.
  • Specific heat of gold is 0.129 find the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 3.125g gold.
  • energy amount Q = 4.3J

Problem example 10

  • The amount of energy to heat the copper equals 58.4J

Table of specific heat capacity

  • These are the heat capacity (J) values for the various materials
    • Aluminum 0.897
    • Chromium 0.455
    • Cobalt 0.46
    • Copper 0.385
    • Gold 0.129
    • Iron 0.450
    • Lead 0.129
    • Magnesium 1.0
    • Silver 0.235
    • Tin 0.22
    • Zinc 0.388

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Ce quiz évalue la compréhension des méthodes de recherche en psychologie, y compris les études expérimentales, les risques pour la validité et les facteurs confondants. Les questions portent sur l'évaluation de l'impact des programmes éducatifs, l'anxiété sociale chez les adolescents et l'effet des thérapies sur la dépression. Une question porte aussi sur l'équ...

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