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Questions and Answers
What is the primary design focus of most immunoassays?
What is the primary design focus of most immunoassays?
- Synthetic and naturally occurring opiates
- Phenobarbital and pentobarbital
- Codeine and morphine (correct)
- Barbiturates and opiates
What is the reason for cross-reactivity in immunoassays?
What is the reason for cross-reactivity in immunoassays?
- Similarities in chemical structure (correct)
- Different molecular weights
- Different chemical structures
- Different pharmacologic effects
What is the basis of classification for barbiturates?
What is the basis of classification for barbiturates?
- Solubility in water
- Type of substituents on the benzene ring
- Length of time they exert their pharmacologic effects (correct)
- Structural similarity to barbituric acid
What is the typical example of a long-acting barbiturate?
What is the typical example of a long-acting barbiturate?
What is the effect of barbiturates on neuronal membranes?
What is the effect of barbiturates on neuronal membranes?
Why do barbiturates pass easily through the blood-brain barrier?
Why do barbiturates pass easily through the blood-brain barrier?
What is the prototype drug for short-acting barbiturates?
What is the prototype drug for short-acting barbiturates?
What is the prototype drug for ultrashort-acting barbiturates?
What is the prototype drug for ultrashort-acting barbiturates?
What is the effect of barbiturates on seizure activity?
What is the effect of barbiturates on seizure activity?
What is the purpose of GC/MS in the context of opiates?
What is the purpose of GC/MS in the context of opiates?
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Study Notes
Toxicology of Alcohols and Other Substances
Methanol
- Also known as wood alcohol, commonly used as a solvent in the laboratory
- Metabolized into formaldehyde and formic acid through the enzyme ADH
- Increased formic acid can lead to acidosis and fatal outcomes
- Symptoms of intoxication include blindness, metabolic acidosis, and neuropathic symptoms
- Screening test: osmolal gap, preferred method is GC-MS
- Toxic blood level: >50 mg/dL, fatal dose: 60-250 mL
Isopropanol
- Also known as rubbing alcohol
- Rapid absorption in the GIT
- Metabolized into acetone in the liver
- Symptoms of intoxication include CNS depression, HTN
- Indication of toxicity: increased acetone in urine and blood
- GC is the preferred method, fatal dose: >250 mL
- Antidote: activated charcoal
Ethylene-Glycol
- Found in hydraulic fluid and anti-freeze substances
- Tastes sweet, commonly ingested by children
- Metabolized into toxic compounds, leading to acidosis and kidney damage
- Screening test: GC-MS, preferred method is GC
Other Substances
LSD
- Provides new insights and new ways of solving problems
- Visual effects are more intense
- Panic reactions like suicide or "bad trip" are most common adverse reactions
- Routes of administration: intravenous, oral
- Half-life: 5.1 hours
- Testing: urine sample, screening procedure is Ehrlich spot test, confirmation testing is LC/MS-MS
Opiates
- Derived from or chemically related to substances from the opium poppy
- Capable of analgesia, sedation, and anesthesia
- High abuse potential, chronic use leads to tolerance and physical and psychological dependence
- Acute overdose presents with respiratory acidosis, myoglobinuria, and possibly an increase in serum indicators of cardiac damage
- Treatment of overdose includes the use of the opiate antagonist naloxone
- Screening procedure: immunoassay, confirmation testing: GC/MS
Barbiturates
- Derivatives of barbituric acid
- Classified into long-acting, short-acting, ultrashort-acting, and intermediate-acting barbiturates
- All barbiturates are fat-soluble and can pass easily through the blood-brain barrier
- Can stabilize membranes, making depolarization of neuronal membranes difficult
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