Metastasis Process: Steps and Mechanisms

Which of the following is responsible for inducing migration by producing Rho family proteins?

HGF (Hepatocyte growth factor)
FGF (Fibroblast growth factor)
PDGF (Platelet-derived growth factor)
EGF (Epidermal growth factor) (correct)

What is the process by which a tumor cell transitions back to an epithelial state after migrating to a new location?

Intravasation
EMT
MET (correct)
Colonization

What is the role of Zeb 1 and 2 in EMT?

They inhibit EMT
They support mesenchymal form (correct)
They are involved in the degradation of E-Cadherin
They support epithelial form

What is the purpose of EMT in embryogenesis?

To allow for the migration of cells during embryogenesis (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Rho family proteins?

Increased motility (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a protease that contributes to the invasiveness of tumors?

Cathepsin (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an oncogene that, if overexpressed, could lead to cancer?

MMP (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of CD34 in tumor invasion?

To produce MMP proteases (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors recruits tumor-associated macrophages?

CSF-1 (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Invadosome?

Invasion of the space made by the MMPs (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of high levels of TILs in cancer prognosis?

It indicates a good prognosis (D) Signup and view all the answers

What induces the migration of cells during EMT?

TGF-Beta (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cell-mediated immunity according to Lewis Thomas?

To protect against cancer (A) Signup and view all the answers

When is surgical removal of a tumor most critical?

When it's benign and has intact basement membrane (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary way that cancer cells evade the immune system?

By reducing MHC I presentation (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between TSAs and TAAs?

TSAs are found in mouse cells only, while TAAs are found in tumor cells more than in normal cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of perforin-granzyme in the immune response?

It is involved in the Fas pathway (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of vitiligo in melanoma prognosis?

It is a good prognostic factor (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of TGF-beta in cancer?

It binds to TGF-beta receptors on lymphocytes and kills them (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of active immunization in cancer treatment?

To expose more tumor antigens, wake up Tc cells, and expose more TIL cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the target of the Herceptin antibody in cancer treatment?

Her-2 (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mTOR in cancer?

To promote transcription of oncogenes (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the target of the anti-NFkappaB drug Velcade?

Proteosome (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of downstaging in cancer treatment?

To detect cancer at an early stage (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the journey to therapeutic treatment for cancer?

Understanding the biology of cancer (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a target of biotherapy in cancer treatment?

Proteins involved in cancer (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of immune checkpoint inhibition in cancer treatment?

To block the receptor for the 'don't eat me' signal on T cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary target of chemotherapy and radiation in cancer treatment?

DNA of actively proliferating tumor cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of P-glycoprotein in cancer cells?

To act as a drug pump (D) Signup and view all the answers

What happens if you only target non-CSCs in cancer treatment?

The tumor will initially regress then grow back (D) Signup and view all the answers