CHAPTER 3 CHEMISTRY

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Questions and Answers

What type of compounds are formed from the transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal?

Ionic compounds.

List two key physical properties of ionic compounds.

Ionic compounds are solid and soluble in water.

How can highly reactive metals be extracted from their ores?

By using electrolysis of molten salts.

What is metallurgy and its primary purpose?

Metallurgy is the technique used to extract metals from their ores. Signup and view all the answers

In what forms can ionic compounds conduct electricity?

In molten or aqueous solutions. Signup and view all the answers

What is roasting, and what type of gases are typically released during this process?

Roasting is the heating of a metal ore in the presence of $O_2$, resulting in the formation of oxides that release non-toxic gases. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes calcination from roasting in terms of oxygen availability?

Calcination involves heating metal ore in the presence of limited $O_2$, unlike roasting which uses ample $O_2$. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of calcination, what type of ores are typically processed and what gas is released?

Calcination is done for carbonate or sulfide ores, commonly releasing gases like $CO_2$. Signup and view all the answers

Define an alloy and mention how it can affect properties such as conductivity and melting point.

An alloy is a mixture of metal with non-metal, which can enhance properties like conductivity and lower the melting point compared to pure metals. Signup and view all the answers

How do the processes of roasting and calcination compare in terms of the gases released?

Both roasting and calcination release non-toxic gases, but roasting typically produces various oxides, whereas calcination mainly releases $CO_2$. Signup and view all the answers

What is the general reaction of metals with oxygen, and provide an example?

Metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides, as in the equation $2Mg + O_2 → 2MgO$. Signup and view all the answers

How do metals typically react with water, and what products are formed?

Metals react with water to produce metal hydroxides and hydrogen gas, such as in $2Na + 2H_2O → 2NaOH + H_2$. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the reaction of metals with dilute acids and give an example.

Metals react with dilute acids to yield salts and hydrogen gas, exemplified by $Mg + 2HCl → MgCl_2 + H_2$. Signup and view all the answers

What does the reactivity series indicate about gold's reactivity compared to potassium?

The reactivity series shows that gold is the least reactive metal, while potassium is the most reactive. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the reactivity series, why are certain metals like sodium and magnesium considered more reactive than iron?

Sodium and magnesium are more reactive than iron because they have a greater tendency to lose electrons and form positive ions. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic properties differentiate metals from non-metals?

Metals are malleable, ductile, and have a lustrous appearance, while non-metals are non-malleable, non-ductile, and typically dull. Signup and view all the answers

Which non-metal is an exception to the typical hardness of non-metals, and what is its state?

Diamond is the exception, and it is solid. Signup and view all the answers

Identify two properties that are typical of metals and explain why they are significant.

Metals are generally good conductors of electricity and can be drawn into wires; these properties make them essential in electrical wiring and construction. Signup and view all the answers

Why is mercury categorized differently among metals, and what is its state at room temperature?

Mercury is a liquid at room temperature, which is atypical for metals that are typically solid. Signup and view all the answers

List three examples of metals and describe one physical property they share.

Gold (Au), Zinc (Zn), and Lead (Pb) are all metals that are generally malleable. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes noble gases from other non-metals in terms of their reactivity?

Noble gases, such as Helium and Neon, are largely inert and do not react easily with other elements due to their complete valence electron shells. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the term 'metalloids' and give two examples.

Metalloids are elements that have properties intermediate between metals and non-metals; examples include Boron (B) and Silicon (Si). Signup and view all the answers

Describe the typical state of non-metals and provide an exception.

Generally, non-metals can be solids, liquids, or gases, with bromine (Br) being a liquid exception. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Differences Between Metals And Non-Metals

Compounds formed by metals and non-metals are called ionic compounds
Ionic compounds are formed by the transfer of electrons from a metal atom to a non-metal atom
Metals have a tendency to lose electrons to form positive ions
Non-metals have a tendency to gain electrons to form negative ions
Metals usually are solids, some are liquids at room temperature
Non-metals can be solids, liquids, or gases.

Properties of Metals

Physical Nature:
- Metals are usually solids at room temperature (except mercury which is liquid)
Electrical Conductivity:
- Metals are good conductors of electricity in their solid-state and molten state
Thermal Conductivity:
- Metals are good conductors of heat
Solubility:
- Most metals are insoluble in water
Malleability:
- Metals can be hammered into thin sheets
Ductility:
- Metals can be drawn into wires
Hardness:
- Metals are generally hard (except sodium and potassium)
Lustre:
- Metals have a shining surface (lustre)

Properties of Non-Metals

Physical Nature:
- Non-metals can exist in all three states of matter (solid, liquid, and gas) at room temperature.
Electrical Conductivity:
- Non-metals are poor conductors of electricity in their solid-state and molten state.
Thermal Conductivity:
- Non-metals are bad conductors of heat.
Hardness:
- Non-metals are generally brittle, and can be soft, except for diamond (a form of carbon)
Lustre:
- Non-metals usually do not have a shining surface. Many non-metals are dull.

Extraction of Metals - Metallurgy

Metallurgy is the process of extracting metals from their ores.
There are various methods for extracting metals depending on the nature of the ore.
Some common methods include:
- Roasting: Heating metal ores in the presence of air (oxygen)
- Reduction: Using a reducing agent to remove oxygen from the metal oxides
- Electrolysis: Using an electric current to separate metals from their compounds
- Calcination: Heating an ore in the absence of air

Reactivity Series of Metals

The reactivity series shows the relative reactivity of metals.
Highly reactive metals are at the top of the series, and less reactive metals are at the bottom of the series.
The series is useful for predicting which metal will displace another from its compound.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the formation and properties of ionic compounds, as well as the basics of metallurgy. This quiz will cover the transfer of electrons, extraction methods of reactive metals, and the conductivity of ionic compounds. Dive into the essentials of these crucial chemical concepts!