CHAPTER 3 CHEMISTRY
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Questions and Answers

What type of compounds are formed from the transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal?

Ionic compounds.

List two key physical properties of ionic compounds.

Ionic compounds are solid and soluble in water.

How can highly reactive metals be extracted from their ores?

By using electrolysis of molten salts.

What is metallurgy and its primary purpose?

<p>Metallurgy is the technique used to extract metals from their ores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what forms can ionic compounds conduct electricity?

<p>In molten or aqueous solutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is roasting, and what type of gases are typically released during this process?

<p>Roasting is the heating of a metal ore in the presence of $O_2$, resulting in the formation of oxides that release non-toxic gases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes calcination from roasting in terms of oxygen availability?

<p>Calcination involves heating metal ore in the presence of limited $O_2$, unlike roasting which uses ample $O_2$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of calcination, what type of ores are typically processed and what gas is released?

<p>Calcination is done for carbonate or sulfide ores, commonly releasing gases like $CO_2$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define an alloy and mention how it can affect properties such as conductivity and melting point.

<p>An alloy is a mixture of metal with non-metal, which can enhance properties like conductivity and lower the melting point compared to pure metals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the processes of roasting and calcination compare in terms of the gases released?

<p>Both roasting and calcination release non-toxic gases, but roasting typically produces various oxides, whereas calcination mainly releases $CO_2$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general reaction of metals with oxygen, and provide an example?

<p>Metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides, as in the equation $2Mg + O_2 → 2MgO$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do metals typically react with water, and what products are formed?

<p>Metals react with water to produce metal hydroxides and hydrogen gas, such as in $2Na + 2H_2O → 2NaOH + H_2$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the reaction of metals with dilute acids and give an example.

<p>Metals react with dilute acids to yield salts and hydrogen gas, exemplified by $Mg + 2HCl → MgCl_2 + H_2$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the reactivity series indicate about gold's reactivity compared to potassium?

<p>The reactivity series shows that gold is the least reactive metal, while potassium is the most reactive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the reactivity series, why are certain metals like sodium and magnesium considered more reactive than iron?

<p>Sodium and magnesium are more reactive than iron because they have a greater tendency to lose electrons and form positive ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic properties differentiate metals from non-metals?

<p>Metals are malleable, ductile, and have a lustrous appearance, while non-metals are non-malleable, non-ductile, and typically dull.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which non-metal is an exception to the typical hardness of non-metals, and what is its state?

<p>Diamond is the exception, and it is solid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify two properties that are typical of metals and explain why they are significant.

<p>Metals are generally good conductors of electricity and can be drawn into wires; these properties make them essential in electrical wiring and construction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is mercury categorized differently among metals, and what is its state at room temperature?

<p>Mercury is a liquid at room temperature, which is atypical for metals that are typically solid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List three examples of metals and describe one physical property they share.

<p>Gold (Au), Zinc (Zn), and Lead (Pb) are all metals that are generally malleable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes noble gases from other non-metals in terms of their reactivity?

<p>Noble gases, such as Helium and Neon, are largely inert and do not react easily with other elements due to their complete valence electron shells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the term 'metalloids' and give two examples.

<p>Metalloids are elements that have properties intermediate between metals and non-metals; examples include Boron (B) and Silicon (Si).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the typical state of non-metals and provide an exception.

<p>Generally, non-metals can be solids, liquids, or gases, with bromine (Br) being a liquid exception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ionic Bonding

Metal atoms lose electrons and non-metal atoms gain electrons, forming ions that attract each other.

Physical State of Ionic Compounds

Ionic compounds are typically solid at room temperature due to the strong attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Electrical Conductivity of Ionic Compounds

Ionic compounds can conduct electricity when melted or dissolved in water because the ions are free to move and carry charge.

Metallurgy

The process of extracting metals from their naturally occurring ores.

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Metal Reactivity and Extraction

The reactivity of a metal determines the method used to extract it from its ore. Less reactive metals can be extracted by electrolysis, while more reactive metals require reduction with other agents.

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How do metals react with oxygen?

Metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides. For example, magnesium reacts with oxygen to produce magnesium oxide: 2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO

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How do metals react with water?

Metals react with water to produce metal hydroxides and hydrogen gas. For example, sodium reacts with water to form sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas: 2Na + 2H₂O → 2NaOH + H₂

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How do metals react with dilute acids?

Metals react with dilute acids to generate salt and hydrogen gas. For example, magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid to form magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas: Mg + 2HCl → MgCl₂ + H₂

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What is the reactivity series of metals?

A list that ranks metals based on how easily they lose electrons in chemical reactions. The higher a metal is on the reactivity series, the more readily it will react with other substances. Metals at the top are very reactive, while those at the bottom are less reactive.

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How does the reactivity series affect metal extraction?

A metal's position on the reactivity series determines how it is extracted from its ore. For example, highly reactive metals like sodium are extracted by electrolysis, while less reactive metals like mercury can be extracted by heating their ores.

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Roasting

Heating a metal ore with oxygen to form oxides and release non-toxic gases.

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Calcination

Heating a metal ore in limited oxygen to drive off impurities and form a metal oxide.

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Alloy

A mixture of metals with other elements, often non-metals, to create new materials with improved properties.

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Extractive Metallurgy

The process of refining metal ores through heat treatments to remove impurities and unwanted components.

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Alloy

A mixture of metals with non-metals to create new materials with enhanced properties.

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What are metals?

Metals are elements that are typically shiny, malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity, and exist in solid state at room temperature, except for mercury.

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What are non-metals?

Non-metals are elements that lack the characteristic properties of metals. They are typically dull, brittle, poor conductors of heat and electricity, and can exist in solid, liquid, or gaseous states at room temperature.

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What are metalloids?

Metalloids, also known as semimetals, share properties of both metals and non-metals. They are typically semiconductors, meaning their conductivity falls between metals and non-metals.

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What are noble gases?

Noble gases are colorless, odorless, and unreactive gases that exist as single atoms. They are found in Group 18 of the periodic table.

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What is malleability?

Malleability is the ability of a material to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets without breaking.

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What is ductility?

Ductility is the ability of a material to be drawn into thin wires without breaking.

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What is lustre?

Lustre refers to the way light reflects off the surface of a material. Metals generally have a shiny or lustrous appearance.

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What is the state of matter?

The state of matter refers to the physical form in which a substance exists. Metals are typically solid at room temperature, while non-metals can be solid, liquid, or gas.

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Study Notes

Differences Between Metals And Non-Metals

  • Compounds formed by metals and non-metals are called ionic compounds
  • Ionic compounds are formed by the transfer of electrons from a metal atom to a non-metal atom
  • Metals have a tendency to lose electrons to form positive ions
  • Non-metals have a tendency to gain electrons to form negative ions
  • Metals usually are solids, some are liquids at room temperature
  • Non-metals can be solids, liquids, or gases.

Properties of Metals

  • Physical Nature:
    • Metals are usually solids at room temperature (except mercury which is liquid)
  • Electrical Conductivity:
    • Metals are good conductors of electricity in their solid-state and molten state
  • Thermal Conductivity:
    • Metals are good conductors of heat
  • Solubility:
    • Most metals are insoluble in water
  • Malleability:
    • Metals can be hammered into thin sheets
  • Ductility:
    • Metals can be drawn into wires
  • Hardness:
    • Metals are generally hard (except sodium and potassium)
  • Lustre:
    • Metals have a shining surface (lustre)

Properties of Non-Metals

  • Physical Nature:
    • Non-metals can exist in all three states of matter (solid, liquid, and gas) at room temperature.
  • Electrical Conductivity:
    • Non-metals are poor conductors of electricity in their solid-state and molten state.
  • Thermal Conductivity:
    • Non-metals are bad conductors of heat.
  • Hardness:
    • Non-metals are generally brittle, and can be soft, except for diamond (a form of carbon)
  • Lustre:
    • Non-metals usually do not have a shining surface. Many non-metals are dull.

Extraction of Metals - Metallurgy

  • Metallurgy is the process of extracting metals from their ores.
  • There are various methods for extracting metals depending on the nature of the ore.
  • Some common methods include:
    • Roasting: Heating metal ores in the presence of air (oxygen)
    • Reduction: Using a reducing agent to remove oxygen from the metal oxides
    • Electrolysis: Using an electric current to separate metals from their compounds
    • Calcination: Heating an ore in the absence of air

Reactivity Series of Metals

  • The reactivity series shows the relative reactivity of metals.
  • Highly reactive metals are at the top of the series, and less reactive metals are at the bottom of the series.
  • The series is useful for predicting which metal will displace another from its compound.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the formation and properties of ionic compounds, as well as the basics of metallurgy. This quiz will cover the transfer of electrons, extraction methods of reactive metals, and the conductivity of ionic compounds. Dive into the essentials of these crucial chemical concepts!

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