Podcast
Questions and Answers
Over what time frame are metacognitive measures evaluated for stability in the studies?
Over what time frame are metacognitive measures evaluated for stability in the studies?
In the 2023 study by Kopcanova et al., how many participants were involved?
In the 2023 study by Kopcanova et al., how many participants were involved?
Which types of tasks were used to measure metacognition in Kopcanova et al.'s study?
Which types of tasks were used to measure metacognition in Kopcanova et al.'s study?
What is NOT a focus of the studies investigating metacognition?
What is NOT a focus of the studies investigating metacognition?
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Which factor is explored in relation to metacognitive measures across different tasks?
Which factor is explored in relation to metacognitive measures across different tasks?
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In which year did Ais et al. conduct their research on metacognition?
In which year did Ais et al. conduct their research on metacognition?
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What is the main research method used by Kopcanova et al. to study metacognition?
What is the main research method used by Kopcanova et al. to study metacognition?
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What performance metric remained unchanged over time in both the active and control groups?
What performance metric remained unchanged over time in both the active and control groups?
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Which two metrics increased from the first session to the last in the training group?
Which two metrics increased from the first session to the last in the training group?
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What was one of the confounds identified by Rouy et al. regarding Carpenter et al.'s study?
What was one of the confounds identified by Rouy et al. regarding Carpenter et al.'s study?
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How did the confidence scale differ between the training sessions and the pre/post training sessions?
How did the confidence scale differ between the training sessions and the pre/post training sessions?
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What was a significant finding regarding the transfer of training gains?
What was a significant finding regarding the transfer of training gains?
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What aspect of metacognitive performance might have been inflated due to the study design issues?
What aspect of metacognitive performance might have been inflated due to the study design issues?
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What general conclusion can be drawn from Carpenter et al.’s preliminary evidence?
What general conclusion can be drawn from Carpenter et al.’s preliminary evidence?
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Which method was NOT mentioned as part of the training sessions conducted by Carpenter et al.?
Which method was NOT mentioned as part of the training sessions conducted by Carpenter et al.?
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What is the primary focus of Metacognitive Therapy (MCT)?
What is the primary focus of Metacognitive Therapy (MCT)?
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Which of the following disorders has MCT shown promise in treating?
Which of the following disorders has MCT shown promise in treating?
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According to the self-regulatory executive function model, what is believed to cause psychopathology?
According to the self-regulatory executive function model, what is believed to cause psychopathology?
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Which of the following is NOT identified as a dysfunctional coping strategy in MCT?
Which of the following is NOT identified as a dysfunctional coping strategy in MCT?
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What does the Cognitive-Attentional Syndrome refer to in the context of MCT?
What does the Cognitive-Attentional Syndrome refer to in the context of MCT?
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How do the dysfunctional strategies used in MCT generally affect negative emotions?
How do the dysfunctional strategies used in MCT generally affect negative emotions?
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Which of the following is a component of the self-regulatory executive function model?
Which of the following is a component of the self-regulatory executive function model?
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Which fundamental element does MCT emphasize more than traditional therapeutic approaches?
Which fundamental element does MCT emphasize more than traditional therapeutic approaches?
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What was the main focus of Rouy et al. (2022) in their study?
What was the main focus of Rouy et al. (2022) in their study?
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Which of the following statements about metacognitive ability is true?
Which of the following statements about metacognitive ability is true?
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What does metacognitive therapy (MCT) primarily focus on modifying?
What does metacognitive therapy (MCT) primarily focus on modifying?
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Which psychiatric disorders has Metacognitive Therapy (MCT) shown promise in treating?
Which psychiatric disorders has Metacognitive Therapy (MCT) shown promise in treating?
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Which belief is considered a positive metacognitive belief in MCT?
Which belief is considered a positive metacognitive belief in MCT?
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What type of disorders has metacognitive therapy shown promise in treating?
What type of disorders has metacognitive therapy shown promise in treating?
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What does metacognitive efficiency refer to?
What does metacognitive efficiency refer to?
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What is one example of a negative belief in metacognitive therapy?
What is one example of a negative belief in metacognitive therapy?
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What type of sample did Rouy et al. (2022) use for their study?
What type of sample did Rouy et al. (2022) use for their study?
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In the context of MCT, what is the Cognitive-Attentional Syndrome?
In the context of MCT, what is the Cognitive-Attentional Syndrome?
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Which of the following statements about 1st-order performance is accurate?
Which of the following statements about 1st-order performance is accurate?
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What further steps are indicated regarding metacognitive ability?
What further steps are indicated regarding metacognitive ability?
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Which of the following statements aligns with the negative metacognitive beliefs in MCT?
Which of the following statements aligns with the negative metacognitive beliefs in MCT?
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Which of the following is NOT associated with metacognitive therapy?
Which of the following is NOT associated with metacognitive therapy?
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What role does 'threat monitoring' play in metacognitive therapy?
What role does 'threat monitoring' play in metacognitive therapy?
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Why is rumination viewed negatively in metacognitive therapy?
Why is rumination viewed negatively in metacognitive therapy?
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Which technique is used in MCT to enhance flexible control over attention?
Which technique is used in MCT to enhance flexible control over attention?
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What is one of the negative metacognitive beliefs that MCT seeks to challenge?
What is one of the negative metacognitive beliefs that MCT seeks to challenge?
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What did the meta-analytic review by Normann & Marina (2018) conclude about MCT?
What did the meta-analytic review by Normann & Marina (2018) conclude about MCT?
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What potential advantage does MCT have over other psychotherapies, according to the evidence?
What potential advantage does MCT have over other psychotherapies, according to the evidence?
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What philosophy underpins the technique of Detached Mindfulness in MCT?
What philosophy underpins the technique of Detached Mindfulness in MCT?
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According to the findings, what paradigm shift is MCT purported to represent in psychotherapy?
According to the findings, what paradigm shift is MCT purported to represent in psychotherapy?
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Which of the following reactions is NOT a focus of MCT in terms of symptoms?
Which of the following reactions is NOT a focus of MCT in terms of symptoms?
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What is the name of the self-regulatory executive function model that MCT is theoretically grounded in?
What is the name of the self-regulatory executive function model that MCT is theoretically grounded in?
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Which of the following is NOT a dysfunctional coping strategy identified by the self-regulatory executive function model?
Which of the following is NOT a dysfunctional coping strategy identified by the self-regulatory executive function model?
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What did the study by Carpenter et al. (2019) investigate?
What did the study by Carpenter et al. (2019) investigate?
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The study by Rouy et al. (2022) replicated the findings of Carpenter et al. (2019) demonstrating that metacognitive feedback training is a reliable method for improving metacognitive abilities.
The study by Rouy et al. (2022) replicated the findings of Carpenter et al. (2019) demonstrating that metacognitive feedback training is a reliable method for improving metacognitive abilities.
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Summarize the findings of the meta-analytic review conducted by Normann & Marina (2018) on the efficacy of MCT for treating psychological disorders.
Summarize the findings of the meta-analytic review conducted by Normann & Marina (2018) on the efficacy of MCT for treating psychological disorders.
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Which of the following is a common criticism of MCT?
Which of the following is a common criticism of MCT?
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Study Notes
Metacognition Lecture Series
- This course covers metacognition, which is about thinking about thinking.
- The lecture series includes topics such as introduction to metacognition, measuring metacognition, metacognition and psychopathology, metacognition and belief structures, neural correlates of metacognition, evolution and metacognition in other species, and presentations/discussions.
- It also includes metacognition and consciousness, improving metacognition, and the limits of self-knowledge.
Metacognition Assessment
- The assessment consists of two assignments (2500-word each), worth 50% each for the module mark.
- The first assignment is due on Friday 15th November and requires describing and evaluating two studies linking metacognition with other psychological traits like belief structures and/or psychopathology.
- The second assignment is due on Friday 29th November and examines whether metacognition relies on separate mechanisms from cognitive performance, using evidence from different studies.
What to Study
- Lecture notes are key study material.
- Relevant papers will be uploaded to the module page on MyDundee for each lecture.
- Students should note both lecture notes and papers.
- Queries and concerns should be sent to Dr. Chris Benwell.
Metacognition as a Trait
- Studies examine how consistent metacognitive measures are over time and across diverse tasks.
- Examples of tasks used include auditory, contrast, luminance, and partial report tasks.
Metacognition as a Trait (cont'd)
- Numerous studies confirm a degree of stability in metacognitive measures over time and across tasks.
- This consistency suggests metacognition might be a stable trait.
Metacognitive Sensitivity
- Metacognitive sensitivity measures the accuracy of self-awareness regarding one's own cognitive performance.
- Studies show correlations between metacognitive measures in different domains (e.g. auditory, visual, memory).
Metacognitive Bias
- Metacognitive bias refers to the tendency to overestimate or underestimate one's own confidence levels.
- This shows correlations between metacognitive bias across different tasks and traits.
Metacognition as Trait (Cont'd, Empirical data from studies)
- Data from studies demonstrates stable correlations between metacognition measures across various tasks and domains.
- These studies include specific examples, such as those by Ais et al. (2016), Benwell et al. (2022) and Kopcanova et al. (2023). The specific numbers of participants and trials per participant in these studies are also relevant information.
Metacognition in Various Tasks
- Studies, such as Kopcanova et al. (2023), have measured both perceptual and knowledge-based metacognition across two different days.
- The research involved 25 participants each performing about 800-to 900 trials per task.
- These findings provide further evidence for the existence of a trait-like component to metacognition.
Domain Generalization of Metacognitive Efficiency
- Metacognitive efficiency shows some degree of consistency across different types of tasks.
Reliability of Metacognitive Measures
- Metacognitive bias (overall confidence level) is typically moderately to highly reliable over time and across tasks.
- Metacognitive sensitivity and efficiency are less reliable across time and tasks.
Is Metacognition Malleable?
- Research suggests that metacognitive performance can be influenced by various factors (meditation, drugs, training).
Meditation
- Studies, like Baird et al. (2014), show that 2-week meditation training can significantly improve metacognitive efficiency in memory tasks.
- The type of meditation (focused attention) is emphasized, particularly physical posture and mental strategies.
- These improvements were observed for memory but not for perceptial tasks.
Drugs
- Hauser et al. (2017) discovered that noradrenergic blockade can increase metacognitive sensitivity.
- This effect is specific to metacognitive performance but not in 1st-order perceptual performance
Training
- Carpenter et al. (2019) examined whether metacognitive feedback training improves metacognitive sensitivity.
- A control group was used to compare the feedback group's performance.
- Initial metacognitive bias and efficiency improved amongst trained (experimental) groups, but not the control group. Data showed gains that even applied to unrehearsed tasks, in the experimental group.
Metacognition Therapy
- Metacognitive therapy (MCT) has shown promise in managing various psychiatric disorders and conditions.
- It is based on the idea that attention styles and metacognitive beliefs, rather than simply the specifics of thoughts, are central to those disorders.
- Identified dysfunctional coping strategies are challenged in MCT, including worry, rumination, threat monitoring, and more.
Further Research Needed
- Further meta-analytic trials are needed to establish firmer relationships between the effects of metacognitive training on performance.
- Most previous research focused on depression and generalized anxiety disorders.
- More research into other disorders, and demographic groups, is also needed.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of metacognition in this lecture series. Topics range from understanding the basics of metacognition to its implications in psychology, evolution, and consciousness. Join us as we delve into the complexities of thinking about thinking and how it intersects with various psychological traits.
