Limits of self-knowledge
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Questions and Answers

Who first proposed the notion of the unconscious mind?

  • Friedrich Schelling (correct)
  • Arthur Schopenhauer
  • Friedrich Nietzsche
  • Sigmund Freud

Which philosophers developed the idea of the unconscious mind in the 1800s?

  • Carl Jung and Alfred Adler
  • William James and John Dewey
  • Arthur Schopenhauer and Friedrich Nietzsche (correct)
  • B.F. Skinner and Ivan Pavlov

What central role does the unconscious mind play in Psychoanalytic Theory?

  • It emphasizes the link to psychopathology. (correct)
  • It describes a structure of social behavior.
  • It focuses on cognitive development.
  • It explains conscious thought processes.

What are the three levels of the mind proposed by Freud?

<p>Conscious, preconscious, unconscious (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism is NOT mentioned as a defense mechanism to block anxiety-provoking thoughts?

<p>Rationalization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of metacognition?

<p>Reflecting on and controlling cognitive processes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What metaphor does Freud use to describe the unconscious?

<p>A cauldron (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the term '2nd-order process' in relation to metacognition?

<p>It suggests that metacognition operates independently from cognitive performance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best characterizes the content of the unconscious mind?

<p>Primitive drives and unacceptable memories (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher is strongly associated with the early development of Psychoanalytic Theory in relation to the unconscious mind?

<p>Sigmund Freud (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of studies can provide evidence for understanding metacognition?

<p>Behavioural, neuroimaging, and lesion studies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of metacognition involves the relationship between self-awareness and cognitive abilities?

<p>Limits of self-knowledge (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of measuring metacognition?

<p>To understand and monitor cognitive control and reflection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lectures is NOT part of the metacognition series?

<p>Metacognition and technological applications (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the unconscious mind play according to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

<p>It mitigates symptoms by enhancing self-awareness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tool did Freud develop to tap into the unconscious mind?

<p>Dream analysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements reflects Carl Jung's beliefs in contrast to Freud's?

<p>Unconscious conflicts can stem from various sources, not just sexual urges. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Freud mean by the 'dilemma of the human condition'?

<p>Different elements of the psyche often demand conflicting actions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence Freud suggested as a result of unresolved internal conflict?

<p>Development of symptoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher’s ideas influenced both Freud and Jung regarding unconscious motivations?

<p>Arthur Schopenhauer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Freud believe we could not fully resolve inner conflicts?

<p>Due to the complexity of human emotions and desires. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one method Freud used to uncover unconscious thoughts and feelings?

<p>Free association (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of prepared conditioning as proposed by Seligman?

<p>Aversive stimuli linked to historical threats (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism did von Helmholtz describe that leads to the formation of perceptual impressions?

<p>Unconscious inference (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Jung, what has evolution done to the human mind?

<p>Imprinted innate characteristics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Universal Grammar, as proposed by Chomsky, refer to?

<p>Unconscious constraints helping form correct sentences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is widely accepted in modern cognitive science regarding mental processes?

<p>Many mental processes are not available for introspection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are predispositions to aversive stimuli formed according to evolutionary theories?

<p>Due to historical threats faced by ancestors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the nature of unconscious processes in modern psychology?

<p>Many processes operate outside conscious awareness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What commonality is found across various psychological theories mentioned?

<p>They explore innate processes and predispositions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes mental processes that occur outside of conscious awareness?

<p>Implicit processing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is associated with the concept of procedural memory in the context of the unconscious?

<p>Tulving (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of automatic processing?

<p>Generally occurs swiftly and with minimal cognitive load (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is specifically involved with visual perception?

<p>Unconscious stimulus sensitivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to cognitive science, which aspect of mental processes has gained acceptance in contemporary understanding?

<p>Many mental processes occur without conscious awareness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of influences do implicit biases have in social behavior?

<p>Unconscious associations and judgments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What research finding pertains to the unconscious processing of visual inputs?

<p>Certain stimuli are processed independently of conscious awareness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes processes that require few cognitive resources and occur quickly?

<p>Automatic processing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between visual stimuli and awareness?

<p>Visual stimuli can influence behavior without entering awareness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of unconscious processes is debated among scholars?

<p>The extent to which unconscious processes affect conscious thoughts and emotions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reasoning contrasts with psychoanalytic explanations regarding unconscious mental processes?

<p>Unconscious processes exist to streamline information processing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the positivity/optimism bias contribute to?

<p>Improvement in both mental and physical health. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a potential drawback of enhanced self-knowledge?

<p>It might expose individuals to distressing truths. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain processes visual information relevant to perception and awareness?

<p>Occipital Lobe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one suggestion regarding the purpose of unconscious mental processes?

<p>They help in preserving cognitive resources for greater efficiency. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can visual stimuli be registered in the brain without awareness?

<p>Because some neural pathways operate outside of conscious control. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

2nd-order process

A process that depends on another process. Metacognition may be a higher-level process about lower-level cognitive functions.

Limits of Metacognition

How much of our mental processes are accessible when we reflect on them.

Unconscious mind

Part of the mind containing thoughts, feelings, urges, and memories outside of conscious awareness.

Early thinkers, unconscious mind

German philosophers like Schelling, Schopenhauer, and Nietzsche explored the idea of the unconscious mind.

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Freud's mind structure

Freud proposed the mind has three levels: conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. Things can move between these levels.

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Defense mechanisms

Unconscious strategies the mind uses to protect itself from anxiety or painful thoughts/feelings.

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Denial, repression

Examples of defense mechanisms that block painful thoughts or emotions from consciousness.

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Psychoanalytic Theory

A theory about the human mind developed by Sigmund Freud that heavily relies on the unconscious mind.

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Unconscious contents

Primitive drives, wishes, and upsetting memories that exist in the unconscious.

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Unconscious Mental Processes

Mental activities that occur without conscious awareness, such as automatic processing or implicit biases.

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Procedural Memory

A type of long-term memory responsible for remembering how to perform tasks, like riding a bike or playing an instrument.

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Automatic Processing

Fast and effortless mental processes that require minimal cognitive resources, often happening outside of conscious awareness.

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Stroop Effect

A phenomenon where reading a color word (e.g., 'blue') printed in a different color (e.g., red) interferes with naming the ink color.

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Implicit Processing

Mental processes that occur without conscious awareness and influence our behavior, judgments, and attitudes.

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Visual System's Unconscious Processes

Some information used by the visual system is not accessible to conscious awareness.

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Neurons and Eye of Origin

Some neurons in the visual cortex are sensitive not only to the presence of stimuli but also to the eye that detected it.

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Introspection Limitation

The idea that we cannot access all aspects of our mental processes through conscious awareness.

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Unconscious Processing

Mental processes that occur outside of our conscious awareness, impacting our thoughts, feelings, and actions.

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Visual Perception

The process of interpreting and understanding information from the visual world.

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Neural Signatures

Unique patterns of brain activity associated with specific mental processes, even when they are unconscious.

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Influence of Unconscious Processes

Research explores how much unconscious processes affect our everyday lives, like our thoughts, feelings, and actions.

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Efficiency of Unconscious Processes

The idea that unconscious processes are crucial for efficient information processing, even if we're not aware of them.

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Positivity Bias

A tendency to focus on the positive aspects of situations, which can be beneficial for mental and physical well-being.

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Self-Knowledge Limits

The idea that we may not always be aware of all our thoughts and feelings, and sometimes knowing too much about ourselves can be detrimental.

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Collective Unconscious

Jung's concept that humans share innate, universal mental patterns inherited from our ancestors.

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Prepared Conditioning

A biological predisposition to learn certain associations more readily than others, especially those related to survival.

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Unconscious Inference

An automatic, subconscious process that helps us make sense of the world by filling in missing information based on past experiences.

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Universal Grammar

An innate set of grammatical rules that allows humans to understand and produce language, regardless of the specific language they learn.

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Introspection

The process of examining and reflecting on one's own thoughts, feelings, and experiences.

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What is non-controversial about the unconscious in modern cognitive science?

The existence of unconscious mental processes is widely accepted in modern cognitive science.

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How is the unconscious viewed?

The unconscious is a valuable and widely accepted concept in modern cognitive science, suggesting the existence and influence of mental processes beyond our conscious awareness.

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Inner Conflict

The tension that arises when different parts of the psychic apparatus (id, ego, superego) have incompatible demands.

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Freud's View on Inner Conflict

Freud believed inner conflict is inevitable and cannot be entirely solved, but we can understand ourselves better by accessing the unconscious.

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Tools for Accessing the Unconscious

Techniques used by psychoanalysts to access the unconscious and understand ourselves better, like free association, dream analysis, and slip-of-the-tongue interpretation.

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Jung's View on the Unconscious

While Jung agreed with Freud on the importance of the unconscious, he disagreed that repressed sexual urges were the main driver of unconscious conflicts.

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Schopenhauer and Freud on Sexual Desire

Both Schopenhauer and Freud believed that sexual desire, often operating unconsciously, heavily influences our actions, even if we are not aware of it.

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Repressed Sexual Urges

Unconscious desires that are pushed away from our conscious awareness, which can lead to various psychological problems according to Freud.

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Study Notes

School of Social Sciences, University of Dundee - Metacognition

  • Metacognition Lecture Series:
    • Introduction to metacognition
    • Measuring metacognition
    • Metacognition and psychopathology
    • Metacognition and belief structures
    • Neural correlates of metacognition
    • Evolution and metacognition in other species
    • Presentations/discussions
    • Metacognition and consciousness
    • Improving metacognition
    • The limits of self-knowledge

Metacognition - Assessment

  • Level 5 Coursework: 2 x 2500-word assignments (50% each)

    • Due date: Friday 29th November
    • Assignment prompt: Does metacognition depend on separate mechanisms from cognitive performance? Analyze behavioral, neuroimaging, and/or lesion study evidence.

  • Level 4 Exam: 2-hour on-campus exam

    • Date: Friday 6th December 2024
    • Time: 09:15 - 11:15
    • Location: Dalhousie 2515
    • Format: Answer two questions from a choice of five, with a 1000-word limit per essay.

What to Study

  • Lecture notes

  • Relevant papers uploaded to MyDundee module page

  • Contact Dr. Chris Benwell for questions/concerns at [email protected]

Limits of Metacognition

  • Metacognition involves reflecting on and controlling cognitive processes.
  • How much of our mental lives is accessible during metacognitive processes?
  • Descartes posited complete, infallible knowledge of our own minds.
  • Key philosophers, including David Hume, Rene Descartes, John Locke, and George Berkeley, have discussed the special authority we ascribe to our own minds' knowledge.

The Unconscious Mind

  • The development of psychological science and clinical psychology has revealed the importance of unconscious processes that influence thoughts, emotions, and behaviours.
  • Unconscious processes are not available to introspection.
  • Introduced by German philosopher Friedrich Schelling.
  • 1800's: Arthur Schopenhauer and Friedrich Nietzsche further developed the concept.
  • Sigmund Freud heavily influenced by these ideas and incorporated unconscious processes into psychoanalytic theory.
  • Freud's proposed hierarchical structure of the mind included the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious levels.
  • Significant psychic events often take place in the unconscious mind.
  • Freud linked unconscious processes to the development of psychopathology.
  • A detailed comparison of Freud's and Jung's assumptions regarding the unconscious mind
  • Key defense mechanisms: denial, repression, projection, displacement, and sublimation, often employed to manage anxiety associated with unconscious conflicts

The Unconscious Mind: Modern Cognitive Science

  • The concept of the unconscious is now widely accepted in modern cognitive science, though terminology may differ.
  • Key examples supporting the role of unconscious processes:
    • Procedural memory (Tulving, 1972)
    • Automatic processing (Stroop, 1935; Bargh & Chartrand, 1999)
    • Implicit processing/biases (Greenwald & Banaji, 1995)
  • These processes operate outside of conscious awareness.
  • Information in vision not always available to introspection.

The Collective Unconscious

  • According to Jung, evolution has imprinted innate characteristics.
  • Universal predispositions stem from the ancestral past.
  • Prepared Conditioning (Seligman, 1971): predispositions to stimuli.
  • Unconscious Inference(von Helmholtz, 1867): a pre-rational and reflex-like perceptual mechanism.
  • Universal Grammar (Chomsky, 1965): unconscious principles and constraints for evaluating sentence acceptability.

Limits of Metacognition (continued)

  • Is self-knowledge always desirable?
  • Positivity/optimism bias can be beneficial for mental and physical health.
  • A sense of confidence (even unjustified) can be helpful in various situations (e.g., communication, first impressions, marketing, politics).
  • Self-deception can be a useful tool in certain contexts, potentially enabling better social interactions.
  • Increased self-awareness might not confer evolutionary advantages in terms of survival or mating.

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CB_Metacognition_2024_Lecture10 PDF - University of Dundee

Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of metacognition through this lecture series. Topics include measuring metacognition, its relationship with psychopathology, and neural correlates. Delve into discussions on consciousness and self-knowledge to enhance your understanding of mental processes.

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