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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of metabolism in the body?
What is the primary function of metabolism in the body?
- To detoxify harmful substances
- To derive energy and synthesize new molecules (correct)
- To regulate hormonal balance
- To facilitate muscle contraction
Which of the following best describes the role of the liver in metabolism?
Which of the following best describes the role of the liver in metabolism?
- It is primarily responsible for enzyme activation.
- It serves as the main site for energy production.
- It synthesizes proteins required for metabolic processes. (correct)
- It primarily stores excess nutrients.
What occurs when the supply of nutrients exceeds the body's demand?
What occurs when the supply of nutrients exceeds the body's demand?
- The body stores the excess raw materials. (correct)
- The body expels the excess nutrients.
- The body increases metabolic rate.
- The body uses all available nutrients immediately.
Which cells in the body are considered the most active in metabolic processes?
Which cells in the body are considered the most active in metabolic processes?
Metabolism involves thousands of chemical reactions occurring throughout the body. What is primarily required for these reactions?
Metabolism involves thousands of chemical reactions occurring throughout the body. What is primarily required for these reactions?
What is the outcome of inadequate nutrient supply for the body?
What is the outcome of inadequate nutrient supply for the body?
Which component is NOT a macronutrient used in metabolism?
Which component is NOT a macronutrient used in metabolism?
How does the body handle waste and by-products of metabolism?
How does the body handle waste and by-products of metabolism?
What is required to break a covalent bond?
What is required to break a covalent bond?
What happens to electrons when they are excited?
What happens to electrons when they are excited?
What process occurs after excited electrons return to a stable configuration?
What process occurs after excited electrons return to a stable configuration?
What characterizes an exothermic reaction?
What characterizes an exothermic reaction?
In an energetically neutral reaction, what is the relationship between the energy levels of the products and reactants?
In an energetically neutral reaction, what is the relationship between the energy levels of the products and reactants?
What typically happens when electrons return to their original state after excitation?
What typically happens when electrons return to their original state after excitation?
Which condition is NOT a requirement for a covalent bond to break?
Which condition is NOT a requirement for a covalent bond to break?
What is the effect of an activation energy peak in a chemical reaction?
What is the effect of an activation energy peak in a chemical reaction?
What characterizes an endothermic reaction?
What characterizes an endothermic reaction?
Which type of reaction typically involves breaking down larger molecules?
Which type of reaction typically involves breaking down larger molecules?
What is the primary function of enzymes in metabolic reactions?
What is the primary function of enzymes in metabolic reactions?
What are the two distinct domains of an enzyme's active site?
What are the two distinct domains of an enzyme's active site?
What happens to the enzyme after it catalyzes a reaction?
What happens to the enzyme after it catalyzes a reaction?
Why would biological reactions proceed too slowly without enzymes?
Why would biological reactions proceed too slowly without enzymes?
What type of reactions are typically anabolic?
What type of reactions are typically anabolic?
Which characteristic mainly determines the folding pattern of a protein?
Which characteristic mainly determines the folding pattern of a protein?
What are cofactors in relation to enzymes?
What are cofactors in relation to enzymes?
What distinguishes a coenzyme from a prosthetic group?
What distinguishes a coenzyme from a prosthetic group?
How are enzymes typically named?
How are enzymes typically named?
What is the role of a dehydrogenase enzyme?
What is the role of a dehydrogenase enzyme?
Which of the following is TRUE about phosphorylases?
Which of the following is TRUE about phosphorylases?
Which reaction is catalyzed by a carboxylase enzyme?
Which reaction is catalyzed by a carboxylase enzyme?
Which type of enzyme catalyzes the removal of a carbon dioxide molecule from a substrate?
Which type of enzyme catalyzes the removal of a carbon dioxide molecule from a substrate?
What is the function of a kinase enzyme?
What is the function of a kinase enzyme?
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Study Notes
Metabolism
- The human body is a factory: it uses food to generate energy, produce materials, store excess, and dispose of waste products.
- The body's factory functions through metabolism.
- Metabolism refers to all chemical reactions within cells that keep organisms alive and provide energy for growth and propagation.
- Metabolism utilizes fats, carbohydrates, and proteins for energy production and synthesis.
- The liver, muscle, and brain have the most active metabolic sites.
- Chemical reactions involve the breaking and formation of covalent bonds.
- Each chemical reaction has an associated activation energy, which is the minimum energy required to start the reaction.
- Breaking covalent bonds requires an initial input of energy (activation energy), while forming covalent bonds can release energy.
- Reactions are categorized as thermo-neutral, exothermic, or endothermic based on their energy output.
- Exothermic reactions release more energy than the activation energy required and proceed spontaneously.
- Endothermic reactions require an input of heat to occur.
- Reactions involving the breakdown of complex molecules (catabolic) are usually exothermic, while those involving the synthesis of larger molecules (anabolic) are endothermic.
Enzymes
- Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts for metabolic reactions.
- Enzymes speed up reactions by temporarily binding to their substrate molecule, facilitating molecular modifications, and releasing the altered product.
- Enzyme structure: most enzymes are proteins, but some require additional non-protein components called cofactors.
- Cofactors are helper molecules that can be inorganic or organic, categorized into coenzymes and prosthetic groups.
- Coenzymes are organic molecules that are loosely or tightly bound to enzymes.
- Prosthetic groups are metal ions or organic molecules that are tightly or covalently bound to enzymes.
- Enzyme terminology: enzymes are named based on the reactions they catalyze.
- "Kinases" add a phosphate group to a substrate molecule, while "phosphatases" remove it.
- "Synthases" synthesize specific molecules, "carboxylases" add carbon dioxide, and "decarboxylases" remove carbon dioxide.
- "Dehydrogenases" oxidize the substrate via transferring hydride ions to an electron acceptor, typically NAD+ or FAD.
- "Isomerases" re-arrange the atoms within a substrate molecule.
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