UNCW Bio 201 CH 6 Energy Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Which of the following are included in metabolism?

Only breakdown of molecules

Breakdown of organic molecules (correct)

Only synthesis of molecules

Synthesis of organic molecules (correct)

What are the two main factors that determine the outcome of a chemical reaction in a living cell?

Direction and rate

What is true of exergonic reactions?

Exergonic reactions are spontaneous and release energy during product formation.

According to the ____________ law of thermodynamics, entropy increases when energy is transferred from one form to another and some is lost as heat in the process.

Second Signup and view all the answers

Work in the cell can only be done with expenditure of _________________; it is defined as the capacity to do work.

Energy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following exhibit potential energy? (Select all that apply)

A stretched rubber band Signup and view all the answers

How does the change in free energy differ between exergonic and endergonic reactions?

Exergonic reactions have a negative change in free energy, whereas endergonic reactions have a positive change. Signup and view all the answers

What type of reactions results in products that contain less free energy than the reactants do?

Exergonic Signup and view all the answers

What is enthalpy?

The total energy of a system. Signup and view all the answers

In broad terms, energy can exist in two states:_ energy and _ energy.

kinetic, potential Signup and view all the answers

Many of the chemical reactions that occur in cells are endergonic. These reactions are possible because they are coupled to:

the hydrolysis of ATP Signup and view all the answers

Energy stored in the bonds of these molecules can drive cellular chemical reactions in certain directions.

ATP Signup and view all the answers

All cells use a molecule called ________ to carry and release energy cyclically.

ATP Signup and view all the answers

When a physical system becomes more disordered, the entropy ______________.

increases Signup and view all the answers

The first law of thermodynamics is also known as the law of __________ of energy.

conservation Signup and view all the answers

In a reversible reaction, A + B ⇌ C + D are made, and depend upon:

The energy input required Signup and view all the answers

The following are types of energy important to biological processes. (Select all that apply)

Heat Signup and view all the answers

When a water molecule is used to remove a phosphate group from ATP, this is called the _____________ of ATP.

Hydrolysis Signup and view all the answers

What happens during phosphorylation involving glucose?

A phosphate group is transferred from ATP to glucose. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the energy of a system that is available to do work?

Free energy Signup and view all the answers

A reaction is said to be _________ when the addition of free energy from the environment is required for the reaction to proceed.

Endergonic Signup and view all the answers

The following describes the major difference between kinetic and potential energy.

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion and potential energy is associated with the position of an object. Signup and view all the answers

When does chemical equilibrium occur?

When the rate of formation of products equals the rate of formation of reactants. Signup and view all the answers

What do the two laws of thermodynamics state?

<ol> <li>Energy cannot be created or destroyed. 2) The transfer or transformation of energy increases the entropy of a system.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

The study of energy interconversions is called___________.

thermodynamics Signup and view all the answers

If you stretch a rubber band, you will give it ________ energy; and when the rubber band is released, it has _ energy when it flies through the air.

<ol> <li>Potential 2) Kinetic</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Name the type of energy that is a form of potential energy stored in chemical bonds.

Chemical Signup and view all the answers

What types of reactions occur spontaneously?

Exergonic reactions with a negative change in free energy. Signup and view all the answers

Concerning Gibbs energy, ___ reactions are spontaneous, and reactions are not spontaneous.

<ol> <li>Exergonic 2) Endergonic</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

When will an endergonic and exergonic reaction that are coupled proceed spontaneously?

When the net free energy change for both reactions combined is negative. Signup and view all the answers

The following cellular processes require a net input of energy. (Select all that apply)

ATP synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Exergonic reactions have a _ change in free energy, and endergonic reactions have a _ change in free energy.

<ol> <li>Negative 2) Positive</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

During oxidative phosphorylation, a H+ gradient drives the production of ATP. What type of energy is stored in the H+ gradient?

Potential Signup and view all the answers

What is proteome?

All of the given proteins a cell can make. Signup and view all the answers

All living things require which of the following, in order to carry out chemical reactions and thereby survive?

Energy Signup and view all the answers

What two assumptions do biologists use to determine values of equilibrium constants?

<ol> <li>The concentrations of the water remain the same during the reaction. 2) The pH of the reaction remains constant (pH of 7).</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Organisms couple _ and ___ reactions because many vital cellular processes would not proceed without energy input.

Endergonic Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an object with high potential energy?

Water stored in a reservoir behind a dam. Signup and view all the answers

The following are true according to the second law of thermodynamics.

<ol> <li>As disorder increases, entropy increases. 2) The transformation of energy from one form to another increases the entropy of a system.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Chemical reactions can proceed in both directions (reactants to products or products to reactants). Reactions with a positive change in free energy favor the formations of the _______________.

reactants Signup and view all the answers

In a generalized chemical reaction, the _________ constant is represented by K"eq".

equilibrium Signup and view all the answers

What are the steps in the ATP cycle?

<ol> <li>Synthesis of ATP using energy released from catabolic reactions. 2) Breakdown of ATP using a water molecule to release energy.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What form of energy can be used to drive cellular processes such as muscle contraction and cellular movements?

Usable Energy Signup and view all the answers

What type of energy is stored in the covalent bonds of molecules? (Select all that apply)

Potential energy Signup and view all the answers

How does the change in free energy differ between exergonic and endergonic reactions?

Exergonic reactions have a negative change in free energy whereas endergonic reactions have a positive change in free energy. Signup and view all the answers

Why is some energy unusable by living organisms?

When energy transformations occur, the entropy of the system increases, which cannot be harnessed in a useful way. Signup and view all the answers

The following statements describe the free energy (G) change of a spontaneous reaction.

<ol> <li>Free energy is released during product formation. 2) The free energy of the products is less than the reactants. 3) There is a negative free energy change.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

The forward direction of the A + B -> C + D shows that ___________ are the products.

C + D Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Metabolism and Energy

Metabolism includes both the synthesis and breakdown of organic molecules.
Direction and rate are the primary factors determining chemical reaction outcomes in living cells.

Exergonic and Endergonic Reactions

Exergonic reactions are spontaneous and release energy during product formation.
Exergonic reactions result in products with less free energy compared to reactants, characterized by a negative change in free energy.
Endergonic reactions require energy input from the environment and have a positive change in free energy.

Thermodynamics

The second law of thermodynamics states that entropy increases when energy is transferred from one form to another, often lost as heat.
The first law of thermodynamics, known as the law of conservation of energy, asserts energy cannot be created or destroyed.
The study of energy interconversions is termed thermodynamics.

Free Energy

Free energy (G) is the energy available to do work in a system.
A chemical reaction is spontaneous when there is a negative free energy change and the products have less free energy than the reactants.
Gibbs energy determines spontaneity: exergonic reactions are spontaneous, while endergonic reactions are not.

Energy Forms and Storage

Energy exists as kinetic (energy of motion) and potential (energy associated with position).
Potential energy can be exemplified by objects like a stretched rubber band or water at the top of a dam.
Chemical energy is a form of potential energy stored in molecular bonds, crucial for driving cellular reactions.

ATP and Cellular Energy

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the primary energy carrier in cells, releasing energy through hydrolysis.
Many cellular processes, including endergonic reactions and ATP synthesis, require a net input of energy, often coupled with exergonic reactions.
The ATP cycle involves synthesizing ATP from energy released during catabolic reactions and breaking ATP down to release energy.

Chemical Equilibrium

Chemical equilibrium occurs when the rate of formation of products equals the rate of formation of reactants, with the equilibrium constant represented by K"eq".
Reactions with a positive change in free energy favor the formation of reactants.

Key Concepts

Hydrolysis of ATP provides energy for various cellular processes, including phosphorylation of glucose.
As disorder increases in a system, entropy increases, highlighting the efficiency loss in energy transformations.
The balance between exergonic and endergonic reactions is critical for life processes, allowing cells to perform necessary functions.

Additional Facts

Nature exhibits both reversible reactions and reactions that favor product formation based on energy input and concentrations.
Equilibrium constants are obtained under the assumptions that water concentration and pH remain constant during reactions.

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Test your knowledge on the concepts of metabolism and energy transformations in living organisms with these flashcards from UNCW Bio 201 Chapter 6. Each card focuses on essential definitions and principles, such as chemical reaction factors and the characteristics of exergonic reactions. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of biological energy processes.

UNCW Bio 201 CH 6 Energy Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Which of the following are included in metabolism?

What are the two main factors that determine the outcome of a chemical reaction in a living cell?

What is true of exergonic reactions?

According to the ____________ law of thermodynamics, entropy increases when energy is transferred from one form to another and some is lost as heat in the process.

Work in the cell can only be done with expenditure of _________________; it is defined as the capacity to do work.

Which of the following exhibit potential energy? (Select all that apply)

How does the change in free energy differ between exergonic and endergonic reactions?

What type of reactions results in products that contain less free energy than the reactants do?

What is enthalpy?

In broad terms, energy can exist in two states:_______________ energy and _______________ energy.

Many of the chemical reactions that occur in cells are endergonic. These reactions are possible because they are coupled to:

Energy stored in the bonds of these molecules can drive cellular chemical reactions in certain directions.

All cells use a molecule called ________ to carry and release energy cyclically.

When a physical system becomes more disordered, the entropy ______________.

The first law of thermodynamics is also known as the law of __________ of energy.

In a reversible reaction, A + B ⇌ C + D are made, and depend upon:

The following are types of energy important to biological processes. (Select all that apply)

When a water molecule is used to remove a phosphate group from ATP, this is called the _____________ of ATP.

What happens during phosphorylation involving glucose?

What is the term used to describe the energy of a system that is available to do work?

A reaction is said to be _________ when the addition of free energy from the environment is required for the reaction to proceed.

The following describes the major difference between kinetic and potential energy.

When does chemical equilibrium occur?

What do the two laws of thermodynamics state?

The study of energy interconversions is called___________.

If you stretch a rubber band, you will give it ______________ energy; and when the rubber band is released, it has _______ energy when it flies through the air.

Name the type of energy that is a form of potential energy stored in chemical bonds.

What types of reactions occur spontaneously?

Concerning Gibbs energy, ___________ reactions are spontaneous, and ________ reactions are not spontaneous.

When will an endergonic and exergonic reaction that are coupled proceed spontaneously?

The following cellular processes require a net input of energy. (Select all that apply)

Exergonic reactions have a _________ change in free energy, and endergonic reactions have a _________ change in free energy.

During oxidative phosphorylation, a H+ gradient drives the production of ATP. What type of energy is stored in the H+ gradient?

What is proteome?

All living things require which of the following, in order to carry out chemical reactions and thereby survive?

What two assumptions do biologists use to determine values of equilibrium constants?

Organisms couple ___________ and _____________ reactions because many vital cellular processes would not proceed without energy input.

What is an example of an object with high potential energy?

The following are true according to the second law of thermodynamics.

Chemical reactions can proceed in both directions (reactants to products or products to reactants). Reactions with a positive change in free energy favor the formations of the _______________.

In a generalized chemical reaction, the _________ constant is represented by K"eq".

What are the steps in the ATP cycle?

What form of energy can be used to drive cellular processes such as muscle contraction and cellular movements?

What type of energy is stored in the covalent bonds of molecules? (Select all that apply)

How does the change in free energy differ between exergonic and endergonic reactions?

Why is some energy unusable by living organisms?

The following statements describe the free energy (G) change of a spontaneous reaction.

The forward direction of the A + B -> C + D shows that ___________ are the products.

Study Notes

Metabolism and Energy

Exergonic and Endergonic Reactions

Thermodynamics

Free Energy

Energy Forms and Storage

ATP and Cellular Energy

Chemical Equilibrium

Key Concepts

Additional Facts

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Description

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In broad terms, energy can exist in two states:_ energy and _ energy.

If you stretch a rubber band, you will give it ________ energy; and when the rubber band is released, it has _ energy when it flies through the air.

Concerning Gibbs energy, ___ reactions are spontaneous, and reactions are not spontaneous.

Exergonic reactions have a _ change in free energy, and endergonic reactions have a _ change in free energy.

Organisms couple _ and ___ reactions because many vital cellular processes would not proceed without energy input.