Metabolism of Biomolecules Overview
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What is the primary function of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in biological systems?

  • It aids in the formation of cell membranes.
  • It regulates cellular pH levels.
  • It stores genetic information.
  • It serves as a universal energy currency. (correct)

    • What happens when a high-energy phosphoanhydride bond in ATP is broken?

  • It transforms ATP into adenosine monophosphate (AMP).
  • It releases energy that can be utilized for cellular work. (correct)
  • It increases the kinetic energy of surrounding molecules.
  • It causes the molecule to become unstable and decompose.

    • What is produced alongside adenosine diphosphate (ADP) during the hydrolysis of ATP?

  • Glucose and carbon dioxide
  • Acetyl CoA and oxygen
  • Amino acids and fatty acids
  • Inorganic phosphate group (Pi) and energy (correct)

    • Which of the following components does adenosine triphosphate (ATP) NOT contain?

    <p>A six-carbon chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In glycolysis, which biological process utilizes the energy released from the hydrolysis of ATP?

    <p>Phosphorylation of glucose or fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Acetyl CoA in the citric acid cycle?

    <p>To carry two-carbon acetyl groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During glycolysis, how many ATP molecules are ultimately gained?

    <p>Two ATP molecules net gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substrates transfers a high-energy phosphoryl group to ADP to form ATP during glycolysis?

    <p>1,3-bisphosphoglycerate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does NAD+ play during glycolysis?

    <p>It acts as a coenzyme to carry hydrogen atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is involved in the phosphorylation of glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate during glycolysis?

    <p>Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is energy harvested during glycolysis?

    <p>Through substrate-level phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end product of glycolysis in terms of the number of pyruvate molecules produced?

    <p>Two pyruvate molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component is released and recycled after Acetyl CoA donates its acetyl group to the citric acid cycle?

    <p>Coenzyme A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the reaction MH2 + NAD+ in the electron transport chain?

    <p>NADH + H+ + M + energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of insulin in carbohydrate metabolism?

    <p>To regulate blood glucose concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme complex is known as cytochrome reductase bc?

    <p>Complex 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP molecules are produced by the re-entry of hydrogen ions through ATP synthetase?

    <p>3 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which metabolic process is pyruvate converted to acetyl-CoA?

    <p>Decarboxylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a monosaccharide?

    <p>Sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final product when oxygen reacts with 2 electrons and 2 hydrogens in the mitochondria?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the conversion of 2 pyruvate molecules to 2 acetyl CoA, how many ATP are generated from NADH?

    <p>6 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total amount of ATP produced from one molecule of glucose through carbohydrate metabolism?

    <p>31 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamins are essential as coenzymes in carbohydrate metabolism?

    <p>B vitamins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the state of iron ions in the heme structure before they receive electrons?

    <p>+3 state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does coenzyme QH2 carry in the electron transport chain?

    <p>Electrons and hydrogen ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key metabolic consequence of pyruvate entering the Krebs cycle?

    <p>It is completely oxidized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body cells are primarily responsible for storing glucose as glycogen?

    <p>Liver and muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of phosphorylation occurs in glycolysis that yields 2 ATP?

    <p>Substrate-level phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under anaerobic conditions, what substance is produced from pyruvate?

    <p>Lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to pyruvate under aerobic conditions?

    <p>It is oxidized and linked to coenzyme A.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the enzymes involved in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA?

    <p>Lipoprotein phospholipase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of pyruvic acid conversion during strenuous activity?

    <p>It is converted into lactic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the citric acid cycle?

    <p>To convert metabolites into carbon dioxide and water for energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many coenzymes are involved in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA?

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which coenzyme is derived from riboflavin?

    <p>FAD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond links the acetyl group to coenzyme A in the formation of acetyl CoA?

    <p>Thioester bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs when the formation of ketones exceeds the ability of tissues to oxidize them?

    <p>Ketosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process converts lactic acid back to pyruvic acid during the resting period?

    <p>Gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is primarily required for lipogenesis?

    <p>NADPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of triglyceride synthesis in the body?

    <p>Adipose tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cellular respiration?

    <p>Production of ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process results in the breakdown of glycogen to glucose?

    <p>Glycogenolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which metabolic process is citric acid broken down in mitochondria?

    <p>Krebs Cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metabolic process describes the formation of glucose from amino acids and fats?

    <p>Gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is described as the anaerobic breakdown of glucose yielding two ATP?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Metabolism of Biomolecules

    • Energy is crucial for cellular functions like movement, transport, biosynthesis, and mechanical work
    • Fuel molecules (carbohydrates, fats, proteins) are the major sources of energy
    • Breakdown of food fuels into smaller units (catabolism) precedes energy production
    • The process of catabolism involves many chemical reactions which are collectively called metabolism
    • ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the cellular energy currency
    • ATP is a nucleotide composed of a nitrogenous base (adenine), a five-carbon sugar (ribose), and one, two, or three phosphate groups.
    • Hydrolysis (breakdown) of ATP releases energy, essential to drive cellular functions
    • Catabolic pathways break down complex molecules to simpler ones, releasing energy in the process.
    • The process occurs in stages:
    • Stage 1: Hydrolysis of macromolecules into subunits.
    • Stage 2: Conversion of subunits into acetyl-CoA.
    • Stage 3: Complete oxidation of acetyl-CoA to produce ATP.

    ATP Structure

    • ATP consists of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups joined by phosphoanhydride bonds
    • The phosphoanhydride bonds are high-energy bonds; breaking them releases a significant amount of energy

    Catabolic Processes

    • Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are broken down into simpler molecules
    • The initial steps of catabolism involve the breakdown of complex molecules into their simpler subunits, such as glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids.
    • Catabolic processes are divided into three stages.
    • Stage 1: Hydrolysis of macromolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, and fats into smaller units such as amino acids, simple sugars and fatty acids, and glycerol.
    • Stage 2: Conversion of these subunits into a common intermediate form, acetyl-CoA.
    • Stage 3: Complete oxidation of acetyl-CoA through the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP.

    Glycolysis

    • Glycolysis is an anaerobic breakdown of glucose into two pyruvate molecules
    • It occurs in the cytoplasm
    • Two ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule, which is called substrate-level phosphorylation
    • NAD+ is reduced to NADH, which plays a critical role in the later stages of energy production
    • The end product of glycolysis, pyruvate, can be further processed in aerobic conditions (presence of oxygen), to produce Acetyl-CoA for the citric acid cycle. Or in anaerobic conditions (absence of oxygen) pyruvate is converted into lactic acid

    Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA

    • Pyruvate is converted into Acetyl-CoA, losing a carbon dioxide molecule
    • This conversion is the connection between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
    • NAD+ is reduced to NADH, another crucial step in energy production.
    • The product Acetyl-CoA carries the carbon atoms into the citric acid cycle.

    Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

    • Acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle, a series of reactions in the mitochondrial matrix
    • The cycle completes the oxidation of the acetyl group, releasing carbon dioxide and producing high-energy electron carriers (NADH and FADH2)
    • Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) is also generated
    • The cycle turns twice for each glucose molecule that entered glycolysis
    • The citric acid cycle is crucial because it generates high-energy electron carriers that are utilized for ATP production in aerobic respiration and is a major source of precursors for biosynthetic pathways

    Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron Transport Chain)

    • This process extracts energy from NADH and FADH2 to generate ATP.
    • Involves a series of protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane
    • Electrons carried by NADH and FADH2 are passed along the chain, releasing energy that is used to pump protons (H+) across the membrane
    • The H+ gradient that forms drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase
    • Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor, forming water
    • The process generates a large amount of ATP (approximately 32-34 ATP per glucose molecule).

    Major Metabolic Pathways Converging on the TCA Cycle

    • Many different pathways provide molecules that enter the TCA cycle.
    • Glycolysis, fatty acid breakdown, and amino acid catabolism converge on acetyl CoA, supplying carbon atoms for the citric acid cycle.

    Regulation of Metabolic Pathways

    • Enzymes within the pathways are frequently regulated through allosteric control or feedback inhibition.

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    Description

    This quiz delves into the crucial processes of metabolism and energy production within cells. It covers the breakdown of biomolecules like carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, leading to ATP synthesis. Understand the stages of catabolism and the role of ATP as the energy currency of the cell.

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