ATP Structure and Function Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of chlorophyll b in photosynthesis?

  • It captures light energy and converts it into chemical energy.
  • It is the main pigment responsible for red leaf coloration.
  • It absorbs light energy and transfers it to chlorophyll a. (correct)
  • It protects against excessive sunlight damage.

Which pigment is primarily responsible for the yellow color in fall leaves?

  • Xanthophylls (correct)
  • Anthocyanins
  • Chlorophyll a
  • Carotenoids

Which accessory pigment does not participate in photosynthesis?

  • Chlorophyll b
  • Anthocyanins (correct)
  • Carotenoids
  • Xanthophylls

What distinguishes carotenoids from other accessory pigments?

<p>They absorb light from violet to greenish-blue. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a function of xanthophylls in plants?

<p>They act as antioxidants and assist in energy transfer. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is energy coupling in cellular processes?

<p>The transfer of energy from one reaction to another (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reaction is an example of an energetically favorable process in energy coupling?

<p>ATP hydrolysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

<p>It absorbs light energy to drive the formation of glucose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do leaves appear green to our eyes?

<p>They reflect green light and absorb others (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are accessory pigments in plants?

<p>Pigments that absorb light in wavelengths chlorophyll cannot (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the coupled reaction to form sucrose, which intermediate is formed from ATP?

<p>Glucose-P (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to light wavelengths absorbed by chlorophyll?

<p>They are transformed into chemical energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic determines the color of pigments in plants?

<p>The absorption spectrum of wavelengths (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of ATP in living organisms?

<p>Short-term energy storage and transport (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to ATP when it undergoes hydrolysis?

<p>It releases energy and becomes ADP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the ATP molecule is broken during the hydrolysis reaction?

<p>The bond between the second and third phosphate groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the energy released by ATP hydrolysis affect nearby molecules?

<p>It leads to overheating and thermal energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced when ATP is broken down through hydrolysis?

<p>Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a free phosphate group (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of the three phosphate groups in ATP contributes to its instability?

<p>They are all negatively charged (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the ATP-ADP energy cycle, what occurs after ATP has released energy?

<p>ADP must be recharged to form ATP again (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What energy-using cellular process does ATP directly support?

<p>Cell division (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate; organic molecule for short-term energy storage and transport.

Hydrolysis

Water-mediated breakdown of chemical bonds, releasing energy.

ADP

Adenosine diphosphate; a low-energy molecule formed from ATP when energy is released.

ATP-ADP Cycle

The reversible process of ATP hydrolysis to ADP and then the regeneration of ATP.

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Energy Coupling

Using energy released during ATP hydrolysis to drive cellular processes or reactions.

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Plant Pigments

Essential molecules in plants involved in capturing light energy.

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Cellular Processes

Activities that occur inside cells requiring energy, e.g., protein synthesis.

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ATP Structure

An organic molecule composed of adenine (nitrogenous base), ribose (sugar), and three phosphate groups.

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Chlorophyll b

A pigment that absorbs light in the blue and orange-red ranges, appearing yellowish green. It transfers captured energy to chlorophyll a.

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Carotenoids

Pigments absorbing light from violet to greenish-blue, appearing yellow or orange. They efficiently pass absorbed photons to chlorophyll a.

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Anthocyanins

Pigments that don't directly participate in photosynthesis, appearing red, purple, or blue. They protect plants from excessive sunlight.

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Xanthophylls

Pigments that absorb light energy and pass it to chlorophyll a, also acting as antioxidants.

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What do chlorophyll b, carotenoids, and xanthophylls have in common?

They all capture light energy and transfer it to chlorophyll a, which is the primary photosynthetic pigment.

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Exergonic Reaction

A chemical reaction that releases energy into the surroundings, often through the breaking of bonds.

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Endergonic Reaction

A chemical reaction that requires energy input from the surroundings, often to form bonds.

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ATP Hydrolysis

The breakdown of ATP into ADP and a phosphate group, releasing energy.

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ATP Regeneration

The process of adding a phosphate group back to ADP to create ATP, requiring energy input.

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Accessory Pigments

Pigments in plants that absorb wavelengths of light not absorbed by chlorophyll, increasing the range of light used for photosynthesis.

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Photosynthesis

The process by which plants use light energy, carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose (food) and oxygen.

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Study Notes

ATP Structure and Function

  • ATP is an organic molecule used for short-term energy storage and transport in cells
  • It consists of three parts: adenine (a nitrogenous base), ribose (a sugar), and three phosphate groups (triphosphate)
  • The phosphate groups are negatively charged, making them unstable and prone to repulsion
  • Hydrolysis (breaking down with water) of the phosphate bonds in ATP releases energy
  • The breakdown results in adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi)

ATP-ADP Cycle

  • ATP and ADP are like charged and uncharged forms of a rechargeable battery
  • ATP (charged) has energy for cellular processes
  • ADP (uncharged) needs recharging to be a power source
  • ATP regeneration is the reverse of hydrolysis reaction
    • Energy + ADP + Pi → ATP + Hâ‚‚O

Energy Coupling

  • Energy coupling links an exergonic reaction (releases energy, e.g., ATP hydrolysis) with an endergonic reaction (absorbs energy, e.g., ATP regeneration)
  • This enables cells to perform necessary tasks
  • Chemical reactions are either exergonic (release energy) or endergonic (absorb energy)

Examples of Energy Coupling

  • Formation of sucrose (table sugar) from glucose and fructose is an example
    • A phosphate group is transferred from ATP to glucose, forming glucose-P (energy-releasing)
    • The glucose-P is converted into sucrose (energy is released as the reaction is spontaneous)

Plant Pigments

  • Pigments absorb light from the sun
  • Color variations in plants are due to different amounts and types of pigments
  • Chlorophyll is a key pigment in leaves, absorbing light energy for photosynthesis
  • It reflects green light, so plants appear green
  • Other pigments (accessory pigments) absorb other wavelengths of light, extending the range of light used for photosynthesis
  • These accessory pigments include chlorophyll b, carotenoids, and anthocyanins
  • The pigments absorb different wavelengths of visible light (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet) to carry out their function

Location of Pigments in Plants

  • Photosynthetic cells (mesophyll cells) contain specialized structures called chloroplasts
  • Chloroplasts house chlorophyll and other pigments
  • Pigments not involved in photosynthesis are stored in the vacuole

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