Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which amino acids serve as gluconeogenic precursors that can enter the TCA cycle?
Which amino acids serve as gluconeogenic precursors that can enter the TCA cycle?
What is produced during substrate level phosphorylation in the TCA cycle?
What is produced during substrate level phosphorylation in the TCA cycle?
Which enzyme is NOT involved in gluconeogenesis?
Which enzyme is NOT involved in gluconeogenesis?
In which cellular location does the TCA cycle occur in eukaryotes?
In which cellular location does the TCA cycle occur in eukaryotes?
Signup and view all the answers
How many high-energy electrons are harvested from carbon fuels during one complete turn of the TCA cycle?
How many high-energy electrons are harvested from carbon fuels during one complete turn of the TCA cycle?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of epinephrine in fatty acid mobilization?
What is the primary function of epinephrine in fatty acid mobilization?
Signup and view all the answers
Which molecule is produced as a result of beta-oxidation of fatty acids?
Which molecule is produced as a result of beta-oxidation of fatty acids?
Signup and view all the answers
What enzyme is responsible for transferring the acyl group to mitochondrial CoA-SH during transport?
What enzyme is responsible for transferring the acyl group to mitochondrial CoA-SH during transport?
Signup and view all the answers
How many molecules of NADH and FADH2 are produced in each cycle of beta-oxidation?
How many molecules of NADH and FADH2 are produced in each cycle of beta-oxidation?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to the fatty acyl-CoA after its first cycle of beta-oxidation?
What happens to the fatty acyl-CoA after its first cycle of beta-oxidation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements best describes the fate of acetyl CoA produced from beta-oxidation?
Which of the following statements best describes the fate of acetyl CoA produced from beta-oxidation?
Signup and view all the answers
Why can acyl CoA cross the outer mitochondrial membrane but not the inner membrane?
Why can acyl CoA cross the outer mitochondrial membrane but not the inner membrane?
Signup and view all the answers
How is ATP utilized in the activation of free fatty acids?
How is ATP utilized in the activation of free fatty acids?
Signup and view all the answers
Which enzyme is primarily responsible for regulating the TCA cycle?
Which enzyme is primarily responsible for regulating the TCA cycle?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration?
What is the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration?
Signup and view all the answers
Which component of the F0F1 ATP synthase forms the proton channel?
Which component of the F0F1 ATP synthase forms the proton channel?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of F0F1 ATP synthase, what occurs in the 'Tight' conformation?
In the context of F0F1 ATP synthase, what occurs in the 'Tight' conformation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following accurately describes substrate-level phosphorylation?
Which of the following accurately describes substrate-level phosphorylation?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of bond links the fatty acids to glycerol in Triacylglycerol (TAG)?
What type of bond links the fatty acids to glycerol in Triacylglycerol (TAG)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of the H+ gradient formed during the electron transport chain?
What is the main function of the H+ gradient formed during the electron transport chain?
Signup and view all the answers
Which component of the F0F1 ATP synthase is located in the mitochondrial matrix?
Which component of the F0F1 ATP synthase is located in the mitochondrial matrix?
Signup and view all the answers
During aerobic respiration, where does the electron transport chain occur?
During aerobic respiration, where does the electron transport chain occur?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the TCA cycle?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the TCA cycle?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Metabolic Pathways
- Metabolism is the process of converting nutrients into energy in the body.
- In the fed state, nutrients are stored, and in the fasting state, they are oxidized for energy production.
- Nutrients are digested and broken down into carbohydrates (glucose), fats (fatty acids and glycerol), and proteins (amino acids).
Carbohydrate Metabolism
- Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway for glucose.
- Glucose is stored as glycogen or fat.
- Glycogen and fat are oxidized for energy.
- Glycolysis produces ATP.
- In a starvation state, fatty acids are used to produce ketone bodies, which can be used as fuel.
Fat Metabolism
- Fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation, producing acetyl CoA.
- Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs' cycle.
- Glycerol is used to create glucose for brain and blood cells.
Protein Metabolism
- Amino acids undergo transamination.
- Amino acids are synthesized into new proteins.
- Amino acids are oxidized for energy.
- Keto acids are produced and can enter the citric acid cycle.
Cellular Respiration
- Glycolysis, Link Reaction, Krebs cycle, and Chemiosmosis are the four stages of aerobic respiration.
- Glucose starts the process in the cytosol.
- Pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria
- Acetyl CoA is produced into the mitochondria.
- The Krebs Cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix, producing ATP, NADH, and FADH₂.
- Electrons are passed along the electron transport chain (ETC), causing protons to be pumped into the intermembrane space.
- ATP is synthesized by ATP synthase when protons flow back into the mitochondrial matrix.
- Anaerobic respiration takes place when oxygen is not available.
- Lactate or ethanol are produced as byproducts of anaerobic respiration.
Glycolysis
- Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate.
- 2 ATP molecules are produced in the process.
- It occurs in the cytoplasm.
- Important enzymes: Hexokinase, Phosphofructokinase, Aldolase, Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, Phosphoglycerate kinase, Pyruvate kinase.
Gluconeogenesis
- Gluconeogenesis is the process of producing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.
- This pathway is not completely reversible to glycolysis.
- Precursors include lactate, glycerol (from triglycerides), alanine, and glutamine.
- Important enzymes: pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase.
- It takes place in the cytosol and mitochondria.
Citric Acid Cycle
- The Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) is a central metabolic pathway.
- Eight enzymatic reactions.
- It takes place in the mitochondrial matrix.
- Acetyl CoA is a key input.
- 6 NADH and 2 FADH₂ are produced along with 2 GTP (equivalent to 2 ATP).
- ATP is regulated by isocitrate dehydrogenase, and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.
Electron Transport Chain
- The Electron Transport Chain (ETC) is a series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
- It utilizes electrons from NADH and FADH₂ to pump protons (H⁺) across the membrane.
- Chemiosmosis is the process of ATP production driven by the proton gradient generated by the ETC.
- ATP synthase utilizes the proton gradient to produce ATP.
Fatty Acid Activation
- Free fatty acids need to be activated before entering beta-oxidation.
- This is done through addition of Coenzyme A (CoA) via Acyl-CoA Synthase.
- This process consumes energy (ATP) to AMP+PPi.
Fatty Acid Transport
- To be further oxidized, fatty acids are transported to the mitochondria via the carnitine shuttle.
- Acyl CoA interacts with carnitine and enters mitochondria via acylcarnitine/carnitine translocase.
Beta-Oxidation
- A series of four enzyme-catalyzed reactions that break down fatty acyl-CoA.
- Each cycle produces Acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH₂.
- Products from beta-oxidation move to the Citric Acid cycle for further ATP production.
ATP Production
- Each acetyl CoA produced in beta-oxidation leads to 10 ATP if entering the Citric Acid cycle.
- Each NADH results in about 2.5 ATP in the electron transport chain.
- Each FADHz results in about 1.5 ATP in the electron transport chain.
Amino Acid Metabolism
- Proteins are broken down into amino acids.
- Amino groups are removed via transamination or deamination.
- The remaining carbon skeletons enter metabolic pathways.
- Some amino acids are glucogenic (produce glucose), while others are ketogenic (produce ketone bodies).
Carbohydrates vs. Lipids
- Carbohydrates are a ready energy source.
- Lipids (fats) provide more energy per gram but are less easily digested.
- They are less immediately available for energy and are oxidized differently.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on metabolic pathways including carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. This quiz covers the conversion of nutrients into energy, glycolysis, beta-oxidation, and amino acid metabolism. Challenge yourself to understand the processes involved in both fed and fasting states.
