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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is not considered a criterion for Metabolic Syndrome as defined by ATP III?
Which component is considered central to the development of Metabolic Syndrome?
Which hormone, secreted by adipose tissue, is associated with contributing to hypertension in Metabolic Syndrome?
Which of the following is a characteristic of dyslipidaemia in Metabolic Syndrome?
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What is a primary lifestyle intervention recommended for managing Metabolic Syndrome?
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Which condition is not typically associated with Metabolic Syndrome?
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What mechanism significantly contributes to endothelial dysfunction in Metabolic Syndrome?
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Which of the following best describes insulin resistance in the context of Metabolic Syndrome?
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The recognition of visceral obesity as a key component of Metabolic Syndrome was established in which decade?
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Which is a consequence of chronic inflammation in Metabolic Syndrome?
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Study Notes
Metabolic Syndrome (MeS)
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Definition: A cluster of cardiovascular disease risk factors linked to insulin resistance.
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Historical Context:
- Early associations (1920s) between diabetes, gout, and hypertension.
- 1990s: Recognition of visceral obesity as a key component of insulin resistance syndrome (also known as Syndrome X or the Deadly Quartet).
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Definitions:
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ATP III (2005): Requires any 3 of the following 5 criteria:
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Obesity: Waist circumference
- Men: ≥ 102 cm
- Women: ≥ 88 cm
- Glucose: Fasting glucose ≥ 5.6 mmol/L or known diabetes.
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Lipids:
- Triglycerides: ≥ 1.7 mmol/L
- HDL: Men ≤ 1 mmol/L; Women ≤ 1.3 mmol/L.
- Blood Pressure: ≥ 130/85 mm Hg or known hypertension.
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Obesity: Waist circumference
- IDF (2006): Requires visceral obesity + 2 or more criteria from above.
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ATP III (2005): Requires any 3 of the following 5 criteria:
Associated Conditions
- Polycystic ovarian disease
- Fatty liver disease
- Chronic kidney disease
- Obstructive sleep apnoea
- Hyperuricemia/gout
- Low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction
Pathophysiology of MeS
- Visceral Obesity: Central to the development of MeS; fat cells secrete hormones that disrupt insulin action
- Insulin Resistance: Impairs glucose uptake and promotes lipolysis, leading to increased free fatty acids (FFAs).
- Neurohormonal Activation: Adipose tissue secretes hormones like Angiotensin II, contributing to hypertension.
- Chronic Inflammation: Adipocytokines (e.g., TNFα, IL-6) lead to endothelial dysfunction and vascular disease.
- Dysglycemia: Impaired glucose homeostasis; pre-diabetes is a significant risk factor for Type 2 diabetes.
- Dyslipidaemia: Characterized by high triglycerides and VLDL, low HDL, and small dense LDL particles.
- Hypertension: Resulting from insulin resistance and activation of the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS).
- Endothelial Dysfunction: Increases risk of atherosclerosis and thrombotic events.
Management of MeS
- Recognition: Identify patients with visceral obesity and associated metabolic abnormalities.
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Lifestyle Interventions:
- Diet and weight reduction.
- Regular exercise
- Smoking cessation
- Pharmacological Therapy: Treat each risk factor if lifestyle changes are insufficient (e.g., glucose abnormalities, hypertension, dyslipidaemia).
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Description
Explore the critical aspects of Metabolic Syndrome (MeS), including its definition, historical context, and diagnostic criteria established by ATP III and IDF. This quiz also highlights associated conditions that can arise from MeS, providing a comprehensive understanding of this health issue.
