Metabolic Regulation and Fasting

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What is the primary function of Ghrelin in the human body?

To reduce appetite and food intake

To stimulate appetite and increase food intake (correct)

To regulate blood sugar levels

To increase Leptin production

What is the outcome for babies born with Leptin deficiency or Leptin receptor deficiency?

They are immune to obesity and T2DM

They are born with normal weight but develop obesity and T2DM (correct)

They are underweight and have low appetite

They have a normal appetite and weight

What is the primary location of Ghrelin secretion in the human body?

Adipose tissue

GI tract (correct)

Hypothalamic ARC

Pancreas

What is the effect of IV and subcutaneous administration of Ghrelin on human subjects?

An increase in appetite and food intake Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between Leptin and Ghrelin in terms of appetite regulation?

They have the opposite effect on appetite, with Leptin reducing hunger and Ghrelin stimulating hunger Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical consequence of Leptin deficiency or Leptin receptor deficiency in humans?

Development of T2DM and obesity Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of butyrate and propionate SCFA's produced via microbiome fermentation?

Stimulating release via L-cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of pancreatic beta islet cells?

Stimulating insulin secretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the fed state?

High insulin and low glucagon ratio Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of energy for the brain during the fed state?

Glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of raised levels of ghrelin on lipolysis?

Reduces lipolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of pancreatic alpha islet cells?

Stimulating glucagon release Signup and view all the answers

What occurs immediately following food intake?

Nutrients converted to ATP for immediate use or storage Signup and view all the answers

In obese individuals, what is the characteristic of post-prandial ghrelin levels?

Not as marked as in non-obese controls Signup and view all the answers

Which gut peptide was the first to be discovered to impact appetite?

CCK Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of GLP-1 on appetite?

Decreases appetite Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of PYY on gastric emptying?

Reduces gastric emptying Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of SCFA's from the microbiome in relation to GLP-1?

Stimulates GLP-1 release Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Leptin in the human body?

To regulate appetite and satiety Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region is responsible for integrating multiple signals to regulate food intake?

Arcuate hypothalamus (ARC) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between satiation and satiety?

Satiation acts intra-meal, while satiety acts inter-meal Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary driver of appetite in the absence of physical hunger?

Hedonic drive Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of periods of energy restriction that deplete liver glycogen stores?

Metabolic switch towards the use of fatty acids and ketones Signup and view all the answers

Which eating pattern involves limiting the daily window of time to eat food?

Time restricted eating Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of energy for muscle during the post-absorptive state?

Free fatty acids Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of gluconeogenesis during the fasting state?

To maintain blood glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of energy for the brain, skeletal muscle, and heart after 48 hours of fasting?

Ketone bodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which the body spares protein during prolonged fasting?

Decreased rate of use of amino acids Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of prolonged therapeutic fasting in obese individuals?

Reduced body weight and increased health risks Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of shorter-term fasts in terms of metabolic benefits?

Decreased BMI and TC Signup and view all the answers