30 Questions
What is the primary function of Ghrelin in the human body?
To stimulate appetite and increase food intake
What is the outcome for babies born with Leptin deficiency or Leptin receptor deficiency?
They are born with normal weight but develop obesity and T2DM
What is the primary location of Ghrelin secretion in the human body?
GI tract
What is the effect of IV and subcutaneous administration of Ghrelin on human subjects?
An increase in appetite and food intake
What is the relationship between Leptin and Ghrelin in terms of appetite regulation?
They have the opposite effect on appetite, with Leptin reducing hunger and Ghrelin stimulating hunger
What is the typical consequence of Leptin deficiency or Leptin receptor deficiency in humans?
Development of T2DM and obesity
What is the role of butyrate and propionate SCFA's produced via microbiome fermentation?
Stimulating release via L-cells
What is the primary function of pancreatic beta islet cells?
Stimulating insulin secretion
What is the characteristic of the fed state?
High insulin and low glucagon ratio
What is the primary source of energy for the brain during the fed state?
Glucose
What is the effect of raised levels of ghrelin on lipolysis?
Reduces lipolysis
What is the primary function of pancreatic alpha islet cells?
Stimulating glucagon release
What occurs immediately following food intake?
Nutrients converted to ATP for immediate use or storage
In obese individuals, what is the characteristic of post-prandial ghrelin levels?
Not as marked as in non-obese controls
Which gut peptide was the first to be discovered to impact appetite?
CCK
What is the effect of GLP-1 on appetite?
Decreases appetite
What is the effect of PYY on gastric emptying?
Reduces gastric emptying
What is the role of SCFA's from the microbiome in relation to GLP-1?
Stimulates GLP-1 release
What is the primary function of Leptin in the human body?
To regulate appetite and satiety
Which brain region is responsible for integrating multiple signals to regulate food intake?
Arcuate hypothalamus (ARC)
What is the main difference between satiation and satiety?
Satiation acts intra-meal, while satiety acts inter-meal
What is the primary driver of appetite in the absence of physical hunger?
Hedonic drive
What is the result of periods of energy restriction that deplete liver glycogen stores?
Metabolic switch towards the use of fatty acids and ketones
Which eating pattern involves limiting the daily window of time to eat food?
Time restricted eating
What is the primary source of energy for muscle during the post-absorptive state?
Free fatty acids
What is the primary function of gluconeogenesis during the fasting state?
To maintain blood glucose levels
What is the primary source of energy for the brain, skeletal muscle, and heart after 48 hours of fasting?
Ketone bodies
What is the primary mechanism by which the body spares protein during prolonged fasting?
Decreased rate of use of amino acids
What is the result of prolonged therapeutic fasting in obese individuals?
Reduced body weight and increased health risks
What is the result of shorter-term fasts in terms of metabolic benefits?
Decreased BMI and TC
This quiz covers the metabolic switch, appetite regulation, and the effects of intermittent fasting and time-restricted eating on the body. Learn about the roles of leptin, ghrelin, and the arcuate hypothalamus in energy homeostasis. Test your knowledge of the physiological responses to energy restriction and feeding patterns.
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