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Questions and Answers
During glycolysis, the enzyme phosphofructokinase (PFK) plays a key role in regulating the pathway by responding to ATP levels in the cell. Which of the following best describes how PFK functions?
During glycolysis, the enzyme phosphofructokinase (PFK) plays a key role in regulating the pathway by responding to ATP levels in the cell. Which of the following best describes how PFK functions?
- PFK speeds up glycolysis when ATP levels are high by increasing glucose breakdown.
- PFK acts as an allosteric enzyme that is inhibited by ATP and activated by ADP, helping regulate energy production. (correct)
- PFK slows down glycolysis when ATP levels are low to conserve energy for the cell.
- PFK is an enzyme that breaks down ATP into ADP to provide immediate energy for cellular processes.
Which of the following best describes the role of NADH and FADH2 in cellular respiration?
Which of the following best describes the role of NADH and FADH2 in cellular respiration?
- They act as final electron acceptors in the electron transport chain, allowing ATP production to continue.
- They donate high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain, driving the production of ATP. (correct)
- They store excess ATP produced in the mitochondria for later use in anabolic reactions.
- They are enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate during glycolysis.
Which of the following best explains the role of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
Which of the following best explains the role of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
- They involve glycolysis and fermentation to produce energy in the absence of oxygen.
- They take place in the stroma of the chloroplast and fix carbon into organic molecules.
- They generate ATP and NADPH, which are then used to fix carbon in the Calvin cycle. (correct)
- They directly produce glucose by splitting water molecules and capturing carbon dioxide.
A muscle cell is placed in an anaerobic environment and continues producing ATP, despite the absence of oxygen. Over time, the intracellular pH of the muscle cell decreases. What is the most likely explanation for this observation?
A muscle cell is placed in an anaerobic environment and continues producing ATP, despite the absence of oxygen. Over time, the intracellular pH of the muscle cell decreases. What is the most likely explanation for this observation?
A researcher studies mutant plant cells with a defective NADP+ reductase enzyme in the chloroplast. These mutant cells are exposed to light but show reduced rates of carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle. Which of the following best explains this observation?
A researcher studies mutant plant cells with a defective NADP+ reductase enzyme in the chloroplast. These mutant cells are exposed to light but show reduced rates of carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle. Which of the following best explains this observation?
Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones?
Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones?
A group of researchers investigates the rate of oxygen evolution in algae under different wavelengths of light. They find that oxygen production is highest under red and blue light and lowest under green light. Which of the following best explains this observation?
A group of researchers investigates the rate of oxygen evolution in algae under different wavelengths of light. They find that oxygen production is highest under red and blue light and lowest under green light. Which of the following best explains this observation?
Which of the following experimental observations would provide the strongest evidence that ATP production in mitochondria depends on the presence of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane?
Which of the following experimental observations would provide the strongest evidence that ATP production in mitochondria depends on the presence of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane?
Which of the following best explains why oxygen is required for aerobic cellular respiration?
Which of the following best explains why oxygen is required for aerobic cellular respiration?
Which of the following is an example of potential energy?
Which of the following is an example of potential energy?
The first law of thermodynamics states that:
The first law of thermodynamics states that:
A reaction with a negative $\Delta$G is:
A reaction with a negative $\Delta$G is:
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by:
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by:
A competitive inhibitor works by:
A competitive inhibitor works by:
An allosteric inhibitor decreases enzyme activity by:
An allosteric inhibitor decreases enzyme activity by:
The primary purpose of cellular respiration is to:
The primary purpose of cellular respiration is to:
Which stage of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?
Which stage of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?
Where does glycolysis occur?
Where does glycolysis occur?
What is the net gain of ATP molecules from glycolysis?
What is the net gain of ATP molecules from glycolysis?
During aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is:
During aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is:
The Krebs cycle occurs in the:
The Krebs cycle occurs in the:
Which process occurs in the absence of oxygen?
Which process occurs in the absence of oxygen?
What happens to pyruvate before it enters the Krebs cycle?
What happens to pyruvate before it enters the Krebs cycle?
How does the electron transport chain generate ATP?
How does the electron transport chain generate ATP?
Photosynthesis takes place in which organelle?
Photosynthesis takes place in which organelle?
What is the primary function of the light-dependent reactions?
What is the primary function of the light-dependent reactions?
Where does the Calvin cycle take place?
Where does the Calvin cycle take place?
The enzyme that fixes carbon during the Calvin cycle is:
The enzyme that fixes carbon during the Calvin cycle is:
Which molecule provides electrons to replace those lost by chlorophyll in Photosystem II?
Which molecule provides electrons to replace those lost by chlorophyll in Photosystem II?
What is the main purpose of the Calvin cycle?
What is the main purpose of the Calvin cycle?
Flashcards
Phosphofructokinase (PFK)
Phosphofructokinase (PFK)
Regulates glycolysis; inhibited by ATP, activated by ADP.
NADH and FADH₂ Role
NADH and FADH₂ Role
Donate high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain.
Light-dependent reactions
Light-dependent reactions
Generate ATP and NADPH for carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle.
Lactic Acid Buildup
Lactic Acid Buildup
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Defective NADP⁺ Reductase
Defective NADP⁺ Reductase
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Catabolism
Catabolism
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Light Absorption in Algae
Light Absorption in Algae
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Proton Gradient & ATP
Proton Gradient & ATP
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Oxygen's Role
Oxygen's Role
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Potential Energy
Potential Energy
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1st Law of Thermodynamics
1st Law of Thermodynamics
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Exergonic Reaction
Exergonic Reaction
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Enzymes' Function
Enzymes' Function
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Competitive Inhibitor
Competitive Inhibitor
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Allosteric Inhibitor
Allosteric Inhibitor
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Cellular Respiration Goal
Cellular Respiration Goal
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Most ATP Production
Most ATP Production
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Glycolysis Location
Glycolysis Location
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Glycolysis ATP Gain
Glycolysis ATP Gain
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Final Electron Acceptor
Final Electron Acceptor
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Krebs Cycle Location
Krebs Cycle Location
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Anaerobic Process
Anaerobic Process
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Pyruvate Conversion
Pyruvate Conversion
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ETC ATP Generation
ETC ATP Generation
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Photosynthesis Site
Photosynthesis Site
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Light-Dependent Function
Light-Dependent Function
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Calvin Cycle Location
Calvin Cycle Location
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Carbon Fixation Enzyme
Carbon Fixation Enzyme
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Electron Source PSII
Electron Source PSII
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Calvin Cycle Purpose
Calvin Cycle Purpose
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Study Notes
- Phosphofructokinase (PFK) regulates glycolysis by responding to ATP levels in the cell.
- PFK is an allosteric enzyme.
- ATP inhibits PFK.
- ADP activates PFK.
- PFK regulation helps manage energy production.
- NADH and FADH2 donate high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain.
- This donation drives ATP production in cellular respiration.
- Light-dependent reactions generate ATP and NADPH.
- ATP and NADPH are used to fix carbon in the Calvin cycle.
- Anaerobic muscle cells produce ATP without oxygen, leading to lactic acid buildup and decreased intracellular pH.
- Lactic acid buildup from fermentation lowers the pH, allowing glycolysis to continue producing ATP.
- Mutant plant cells with defective NADP+ reductase in the chloroplast show reduced carbon fixation rates in the Calvin cycle.
- The mutant cells cannot transport electrons from photosystem I to reduce NADP+.
- This leads to a deficiency of NADPH, which is needed for the Calvin cycle.
- Catabolism describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones.
- Oxygen production in algae is highest under red and blue light, and lowest under green light.
- Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light efficiently, but reflects green light i.e. reducing photosynthesis.
- ATP production in mitochondria depends on a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
- Adding a compound that allows protons to move freely across the inner mitochondrial decreases ATP production.
- Oxygen is the final electron receptor in the electron transport chain.
- This allows for continued ATP production for aerobic cellular respiration.
- A molecule of glucose is an example of potential energy.
- The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
- A reaction with a negative ΔG is exergonic and releases energy.
- Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.
- A competitive inhibitor works by binding to the enzyme's active site.
- An allosteric inhibitor decreases enzyme activity by binding to a site other than the active site and changing the enzyme's shape.
- The primary purpose of cellular respiration is to convert chemical energy in glucose into ATP.
- Oxidative phosphorylation (the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis) produces the most ATP during cellular respiration.
- Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.
- The net gain of 2 ATP molecules from glycolysis.
- During aerobic respiration, oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
- The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
- Fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen.
- Pyruvate is converted into Acetyl-CoA before it enters the Krebs cycle.
- The electron transport chain generates ATP by creating a proton gradient that powers ATP synthase.
- Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast.
- The primary function of the light-dependent reactions is to produce ATP and NADPH for the Calvin cycle.
- The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast.
- RuBisCO fixes carbon during the Calvin cycle.
- Water (H2O) provides electrons to replace those lost by chlorophyll in Photosystem II.
- The main purpose of the Calvin cycle is to convert CO2 into organic molecules like glucose.
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Description
Explore the regulation of glycolysis by phosphofructokinase (PFK) and the roles of ATP and NADPH in cellular respiration and photosynthesis. Understand how energy is produced and utilized in cells, including ATP production in anaerobic conditions and carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle. Catabolism in cells.
