Metabolic Pathways Overview
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Questions and Answers

What kind of energy is stored in an object due to its potential for motion?

  • Kinetic energy
  • Thermal energy
  • Potential energy (correct)
  • Chemical energy

Oxidation involves gaining an electron.

False (B)

What is the primary source of energy for the biosphere?

Sunlight

The equation for Gibbs free energy is represented as G = H - TS, where G stands for ______.

<p>Gibbs free energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their corresponding definitions:

<p>Kinetic energy = Energy of motion Potential energy = Stored energy Exergonic reaction = Releases energy Endergonic reaction = Absorbs energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during a redox reaction?

<p>One atom loses and one atom gains an electron (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Energy conversions can occur with 100% efficiency.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ATP in biological systems?

<p>Short-term energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes ATP?

<p>ATP releases energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Enzymes can catalyze multiple different reactions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What model describes how enzymes change shape to bind tighter to substrates?

<p>Induced fit model</p> Signup and view all the answers

The two main types of metabolic reactions are _____ and _____ reactions.

<p>anabolic, catabolic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factors can influence the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions?

<p>Temperature and pH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of reactions to their descriptions:

<p>Anabolic = Reactions that build up molecules using energy Catabolic = Reactions that break down molecules to release energy Oxidation = Loss of electrons during a reaction Reduction = Gain of electrons during a reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Metabolic pathways are linear sequences of reactions where the product of one reaction becomes the substrate for the next.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is released during oxidation-dehydrogenation reactions?

<p>Electrons and protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Kinetic Energy

Energy of motion

Potential Energy

Stored energy of position or configuration

Source of Biosphere Energy

Sunlight

Redox Reaction

Electron transfer reaction

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First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred

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Exergonic Reaction

Releases energy

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Endergonic Reaction

Absorbs energy

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Activation Energy

Energy needed to start a reaction

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ATP's High Energy Bonds

The covalent bonds between phosphate groups in ATP are considered 'high energy' because they readily release energy upon hydrolysis due to the strong repulsion between the negatively charged groups. This instability makes them easily broken, releasing energy that can be used by the cell.

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ATP Hydrolysis

The breakdown of ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) by the addition of water. This process releases energy for cellular processes.

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Enzyme Specificity

Each enzyme has a specific shape that allows it to bind only to a specific substrate (reactant) and catalyze a particular reaction. This ensures that only the intended reactions occur in the cell.

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Induced Fit Model

This model describes how enzymes bind to their substrates. When a substrate binds to the active site of an enzyme, the enzyme changes shape to fit the substrate more snugly, enhancing binding and catalysis.

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Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity

The rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions is influenced by factors like temperature, pH, and the presence of regulatory molecules (inhibitors or activators). These factors can alter the enzyme's shape and activity.

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Anabolic Reactions

Metabolic reactions that require energy to build up larger molecules from smaller ones.

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Catabolic Reactions

Metabolic reactions that break down complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy.

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Metabolic Pathway

A series of interconnected chemical reactions in a cell, where the product of one reaction serves as the substrate for the next reaction. This allows for the efficient and controlled production of specific molecules.

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Study Notes

Metabolic Pathways

  • Energy Types:
    • Kinetic energy: Energy of motion
    • Potential energy: Energy of position or stored energy
  • Biosphere Energy Source: Sunlight
  • Redox Reactions: Paired reactions transferring electrons; oxidation (loss of electrons), reduction (gain of electrons). Reduced form has more energy.
  • Thermodynamics Laws:
    • Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted.
    • Energy transfer is never 100% efficient; some energy is lost as entropy (disorder).
  • Free Energy & Reactions:
    • Free energy (G) is usable energy. Calculated by G = H - TS (H = enthalpy, T = temperature, S = entropy).
    • ∆G < 0: Exergonic, spontaneous, releases energy.
    • ∆G > 0: Endergonic, not spontaneous, absorbs energy.
    • ∆G = 0: No net energy change.
  • Enzymes & Catalysts:
    • Catalysts speed reactions by lowering activation energy (energy needed to start a reaction).
    • Enzymes are catalysts in biological systems; highly specific, one enzyme for each reaction.
    • Induced fit model: Enzymes change shape to bind substrate better.
  • ATP's Role:
    • ATP (adenosine triphosphate) stores energy released from exergonic reactions.
    • Contains unstable high-energy phosphate bonds, readily broken for energy.
    • Rapidly consumed and regenerated, making it readily available.
  • Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity:
    • Temperature
    • pH
    • Inhibitors/activators

Metabolic Reactions

  • Anabolic Reactions: Build up molecules using energy.
  • Catabolic Reactions: Break down molecules releasing energy.
  • Metabolic Pathways: Sequences of chemical reactions, where each product is a reactant for the next. Reactions form a network.
  • Evolutionary Influence: Most metabolic pathways are shared by all cells, implying an evolutionary origin.

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

  • Usually involve loss and gain of electrons.
  • Often involve dehydrogenation (removal of hydrogen).

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Description

Explore the fundamentals of metabolic pathways, including the types of energy and the principles of thermodynamics. This quiz covers key concepts like redox reactions, the role of enzymes as catalysts, and the calculation of free energy in reactions. Test your understanding of these essential biological processes.

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