57 Questions
What primarily regulates the activation and deactivation of enzymes by reversible covalent modifications?
Energy status of the cell
What is the formula for Energy Charge as described in the text?
[ATP] + [ADP] + [AMP]
What range is the Energy Charge typically maintained between?
0.80-0.95
What favors ATP-utilizing pathways (anabolic) in terms of Energy Charge?
Energy Charge = 1; All ATP
What does Insulin cause in terms of substrate access?
Insertion of glucose transporters into cell membranes
Which component directly relates to the free-energy storage available in the form of ATP?
[ATP]
What concentration range does Phosphorylation Potential depend on?
[Pi]
Where do anabolic and catabolic reactions take place in cells according to the text?
In different areas or organelles
What type of pathways do Energy Charge levels below 0.9 favor?
ATP-generating pathways
What regulates access to substrates according to the text?
Insulin
What is the energy charge when all AMP is present in a cell?
0
What is the primary regulator of metabolic reactions according to the text?
Second messengers like cAMP
In which range does the energy charge typically favor ATP-utilizing pathways?
0.9-1.0
What happens to glucose transport into cells when insulin is present and active?
Glucose enters cells readily
What does Phosphorylation Potential depend on?
[ADP] and [Pi]
What does an energy charge below 0.9 favor in terms of cellular pathways?
ATP-generating pathways (catabolic)
How is the accessibility of substrates regulated in cells?
By second messengers like cAMP
What is the phosphorylation potential directly related to?
[ATP]
What type of pathways do Energy Charge levels above 0.9 favor?
Anabolic pathways
What is the primary role of second messengers like cAMP and calcium ions in metabolic reactions?
Activate and deactivate enzymes by reversible modifications
Which component is directly related to the free-energy storage available in the form of ATP?
Phosphorylation Potential
What favors ATP-utilizing pathways (anabolic) in terms of Energy Charge?
Energy Charge higher than 0.9
How is access to substrates regulated in cells?
Signal-induced entry of transporters
In which concentration range does Phosphorylation Potential depend?
[Pi]
What primarily regulates the activation and deactivation of enzymes in cells?
[cAMP] levels
What does an Energy Charge below 0.9 favor regarding cellular pathways?
Catabolic pathways
How is the phosphorylation potential calculated based on the text?
[ADP] + [Pi]
Where do anabolic and catabolic reactions predominantly take place in cells according to the text?
Mitochondria for anabolic and cytosol for catabolic reactions
What range of energy charge is typically maintained to favor ATP-utilizing pathways?
0.80-0.95
Insulin causes the insertion of glucose transporters into the plasma membrane, which results in:
Increased glucose uptake in cells
What is the main factor that phosphorylation potential depends on?
[ATP] [ADP]
An energy charge below 0.9 in a cell typically favors pathways that:
Generate ATP (catabolic)
What is the role of second messengers like cAMP and calcium ions in metabolic reactions?
Regulating the activation of enzymes by reversible covalent modifications
Compartmentalization in cells refers to:
Anabolic and catabolic reactions occurring in different areas or organelles
What does high-energy charge in a cell primarily favor?
ATP-utilizing pathways (anabolic)
The energy charge formula $Energy Charge = [ATP] + ½[ADP] [ATP] + [ADP] + [AMP]$ can be simplified to:
$[ATP] + ½[ADP]$
What is primarily responsible for regulating access to substrates in cells?
Insulin
In terms of Energy Charge, what does a level below 0.9 indicate regarding cellular metabolism?
Favoring catabolic pathways
What is the range of energy charge that typically favors ATP-generating pathways?
Below 0.5
How is the phosphorylation potential calculated?
[ATP] x [ADP] + [Pi]
What primarily regulates access to substrates in cells?
Signal molecules
Which component is directly related to the free-energy storage available in the form of ATP?
Phosphorylation Potential
What does an energy charge of 1 indicate about cellular metabolism?
High anabolism
In terms of Energy Charge, what does a level above 0.9 favor regarding cellular metabolism?
Anabolic pathways
What primarily causes the insertion of glucose transporters into the plasma membrane of cells?
Insulin
Which factor does Phosphorylation Potential depend on?
[Pi]
What does an Energy Charge below 0.9 typically favor regarding cellular pathways?
ATP-generating pathways (catabolic)
What is the main factor that Phosphorylation Potential depends on?
Inorganic phosphate concentration
In terms of Energy Charge, what does a level below 0.9 favor regarding cellular pathways?
Catabolic pathways
What is primarily responsible for regulating access to substrates in cells?
Insulin
What type of pathways do Energy Charge levels above 0.9 favor?
ATP-utilizing pathways
What does an Energy Charge of 1 indicate about cellular metabolism?
High ATP utilization
Where do anabolic and catabolic reactions predominantly take place in cells according to the text?
In different organelles or areas
How is access to substrates regulated in cells?
By signals like insulin
Which component is directly related to the free-energy storage available in the form of ATP?
[ATP]
What does an Energy Charge below 0.9 typically favor in terms of cellular pathways?
Catabolic pathways
What is the primary regulator of metabolic reactions according to the text?
Second messengers like cAMP and calcium ions
Explore the thermodynamic principles behind metabolic pathways, including how the overall free energy of a series of reactions is determined by the individual steps and how coupling reactions can drive thermodynamically unfavorable reactions. Learn how carbon oxidation is paired with reduction in metabolic processes.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
