Metabolic Alkalosis and Intense Workouts
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Questions and Answers

What condition is often caused by excessive vomiting?

  • Metabolic Acidosis
  • Metabolic Alkalosis (correct)
  • Lactic Acidosis
  • Respiratory Alkalosis
  • What is the primary reason for the increase in plasma bicarbonate during metabolic alkalosis?

  • Inadequate proton excretion (correct)
  • Increase in lactate production
  • Excessive proton excretion
  • Decrease in ketone bodies
  • Which process is described as a chemical change?

  • Burning of hydrocarbons (correct)
  • Dissolving salt in water
  • Evaporating alcohol
  • Melting ice
  • What is a characteristic of a physical change in matter?

    <p>Change in state without altering identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of kidney failure in terms of acid-base balance?

    <p>Decreased proton excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines matter in the context of chemistry?

    <p>Anything that has mass and occupies space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes is NOT a metabolic process leading to acid-base imbalance?

    <p>Decreased oxygen intake during exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does energy play in chemical reactions?

    <p>Energy can transform matter from one form to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of adding $1.95 \times 10^{-2}$ and $2.8 \times 10^{-3}$?

    <p>$2.23 \times 10^{-2}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of $7.40 \times 10^{5}$ and $3.12 \times 10^{9}$?

    <p>$2.31 \times 10^{14}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When dividing $1.62 \times 10^{-4}$ by $7.94 \times 10^{7}$, what is the correct answer?

    <p>$2.04 \times 10^{-12}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a basic unit of measurement for mass?

    <p>Liter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What metric prefix corresponds to $10^{-3}$?

    <p>Milli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following metric prefixes indicates a factor of $10^{9}$?

    <p>Giga</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following temperature scales is commonly used in scientific measurements?

    <p>Celsius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In measurements, what are the two parts that constitute a measurement?

    <p>Number and Unit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of a weak acid in a buffer solution?

    <p>To absorb excess bases and maintain pH stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property of water contributes to its ability to support life as a solvent?

    <p>Polar nature allowing for hydrogen bonding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a strong acid compared to a weak acid?

    <p>It completely dissociates to produce more protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do hydrophobic interactions primarily occur?

    <p>Due to the coalescing of non-polar substances in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about hydrogen bonds in water is accurate?

    <p>Liquid water has fewer hydrogen bonds than ice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a property that gives water a high heat capacity?

    <p>High energy required to break hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a chemical reaction involving acids and bases, what role does a base play?

    <p>It absorbs protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines amphipathic molecules, such as micelles, in an aqueous environment?

    <p>They contain polar and non-polar regions allowing interaction with both water and oils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Lactic Acid and Metabolic Effects

    • Lactic acid accumulation occurs during intense workouts.
    • Increased production of ketone bodies can also occur during strenuous exercise.
    • Loss of bicarbonate due to diarrhea can affect acid-base balance in the body.
    • Kidney failure leads to reduced proton excretion, contributing to acidosis.

    Metabolic Alkalosis

    • Elevated plasma bicarbonate levels indicate metabolic alkalosis.
    • Commonly caused by excessive vomiting or proton loss.

    Matter, Energy, and Chemistry

    • Everything around us is composed of chemicals, influencing daily experiences.
    • The universe consists of matter, energy, and empty space; matter has mass and occupies space.
    • Chemistry focuses on the structure, properties, and transformations of matter.
    • Chemical changes involve energy altering matter (e.g., burning hydrocarbons).
    • Physical changes alter the state's appearance without changing the identity of the matter.

    Scientific Notation Examples

    • Addition of 1.95x10^-2 and 2.8x10^-3 results in 2.23x10^-2.
    • Multiplication of 7.40x10^5 and 3.12x10^9 yields 2.31x10^14.
    • Division of 1.62x10^-4 by 7.94x10^7 equals 2.04x10^-12.

    Importance of Measurements

    • Measurements are integral to daily life (e.g., recipes, distances, water volumes).
    • Each measurement consists of a number and a unit.

    Measurement Units

    • Length: Meter
    • Volume: Liter
    • Mass: Gram
    • Time: Seconds or Hours
    • Temperature: Celsius

    Common Metric Prefixes

    • Giga – 10^9
    • Mega – 10^6
    • Kilo – 10^3
    • Deci – 10^-1
    • Centi – 10^-2
    • Milli – 10^-3
    • Micro – 10^-6
    • Nano – 10^-9
    • Pico – 10^-12

    Water and Its Properties

    • Water is a polar molecule, allowing hydrogen bonds to form between molecules.
    • Constant breakage and formation of bonds lead to water having approximately 2.3 hydrogen bonds and ice having 4.

    Non-Covalent Interactions

    • Ionic Bonds: Interaction between positively and negatively charged molecules.
    • Electrostatic Interactions: Rely on the attraction/repulsion of ions.
    • Hydration of ions occurs in solution.

    Types of Non-Covalent Bonds

    • Hydrogen Bonds: Seen in water, amines, alcohols, and carboxylic acids.
    • Van der Waals Forces: Result from unequal electron distribution.
    • Hydrophobic Interactions: Occur in aqueous environments as hydrophobic molecules coalesce.

    Water: The Universal Solvent

    • Water dissolves ionic and polar compounds and interacts with amphipathic molecules forming micelles.

    Unique Properties of Water

    • Remains liquid at normal temperatures.
    • High boiling and melting points.
    • Significant heats of fusion and vaporization.
    • High heat capacity and surface tension.

    Acids and Bases

    • Acids function as proton donors, while bases act as proton acceptors.
    • Strong acids and bases dissociate completely; weak ones do not, creating conjugate pairs.

    Buffers

    • Buffers consist of weak acids and conjugate bases.
    • They stabilize pH by absorbing excess protons or hydroxide ions, resisting significant pH changes.

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    Description

    This quiz delves into the physiological mechanisms behind metabolic alkalosis, particularly focusing on factors like increased ketone bodies and loss of bicarbonate due to intensive workouts. Explore how conditions such as kidney failure and excessive vomiting contribute to this complex metabolic state.

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