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Questions and Answers
What aspect of performance do neuropsychological tests primarily assess?
What aspect of performance do neuropsychological tests primarily assess?
- Emotional stability and social interactions
- Spatial awareness and abstract thinking
- Language and communication skills
- Cognitive, perceptual, and motor performances (correct)
Which principle is NOT part of the DSM-5-TR's classification system?
Which principle is NOT part of the DSM-5-TR's classification system?
- Inclusion criteria for supporting diagnosis
- Establishing treatment plans directly (correct)
- Psychosocial context using Z-codes
- Exclusion criteria countering diagnosis
What historical figure is credited with developing the first modern classification system that laid the foundation for the DSM?
What historical figure is credited with developing the first modern classification system that laid the foundation for the DSM?
- Carl Jung
- Emil Kraepelin (correct)
- Aaron Beck
- Sigmund Freud
What type of information does 'dimensional information' in the DSM-5-TR address?
What type of information does 'dimensional information' in the DSM-5-TR address?
Which of the following is used in the DSM-5-TR to outline specific psychosocial issues?
Which of the following is used in the DSM-5-TR to outline specific psychosocial issues?
What does the term 'nosology' refer to in the context of mental health?
What does the term 'nosology' refer to in the context of mental health?
Which factor can significantly influence the diagnosis of specific mental disorders?
Which factor can significantly influence the diagnosis of specific mental disorders?
Which of the following is a component of cognitive functioning that may be assessed during a mental health evaluation?
Which of the following is a component of cognitive functioning that may be assessed during a mental health evaluation?
What is the purpose of obtaining the history of treatments in a clinical assessment?
What is the purpose of obtaining the history of treatments in a clinical assessment?
What does the term 'comorbidity' indicate in mental health contexts?
What does the term 'comorbidity' indicate in mental health contexts?
Which cognitive assessment is used to screen for dementia and related disorders?
Which cognitive assessment is used to screen for dementia and related disorders?
In mental health assessment, what do 'signs' refer to?
In mental health assessment, what do 'signs' refer to?
What is a prognosis in the context of mental health disorders?
What is a prognosis in the context of mental health disorders?
What distinguishes the perception of depression between Western and non-Western societies?
What distinguishes the perception of depression between Western and non-Western societies?
What account suggests that childhood losses increase vulnerability to later depression?
What account suggests that childhood losses increase vulnerability to later depression?
Which of the following statements is true concerning depression in minority groups in the US?
Which of the following statements is true concerning depression in minority groups in the US?
According to psychodynamic theorists, which type of loss can evoke similar grief responses as the death of a loved one?
According to psychodynamic theorists, which type of loss can evoke similar grief responses as the death of a loved one?
Which group has been noted to have a higher rate of depression in comparison to their immigrant counterparts?
Which group has been noted to have a higher rate of depression in comparison to their immigrant counterparts?
What is the relationship between childhood needs and later depression according to object relations theorists?
What is the relationship between childhood needs and later depression according to object relations theorists?
What concept describes the sadness and anger experienced by individuals directed inward after a loss?
What concept describes the sadness and anger experienced by individuals directed inward after a loss?
How do postpartum depression and 'baby blues' differ?
How do postpartum depression and 'baby blues' differ?
Who has the highest rates of suicide in the U.S.?
Who has the highest rates of suicide in the U.S.?
What method is most commonly used by women in attempted suicides?
What method is most commonly used by women in attempted suicides?
Which factor is considered a strong predictor of suicide?
Which factor is considered a strong predictor of suicide?
What role does alcohol play in suicides?
What role does alcohol play in suicides?
Which of the following is considered a protective factor against suicide?
Which of the following is considered a protective factor against suicide?
Which thought process is often associated with suicidal ideation?
Which thought process is often associated with suicidal ideation?
How does an improvement in mood influence suicide risk in major depressive disorder patients?
How does an improvement in mood influence suicide risk in major depressive disorder patients?
What recent factor has contributed to the increase in deaths by suicide?
What recent factor has contributed to the increase in deaths by suicide?
What is Freund’s theory of female masochism primarily associated with?
What is Freund’s theory of female masochism primarily associated with?
Which theory argues that clinicians often fail to detect depression in men?
Which theory argues that clinicians often fail to detect depression in men?
In which demographic was it found that the prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) was equal among genders?
In which demographic was it found that the prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) was equal among genders?
What does the kindling effect propose about major depressive episodes?
What does the kindling effect propose about major depressive episodes?
Which of the following therapies focuses on identifying destructive thinking patterns?
Which of the following therapies focuses on identifying destructive thinking patterns?
What is the main focus of Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)?
What is the main focus of Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)?
Which gene is suggested to be related to serotonin activity in the context of unipolar depression?
Which gene is suggested to be related to serotonin activity in the context of unipolar depression?
What type of depressive disorder includes a chronic state lasting two or more years?
What type of depressive disorder includes a chronic state lasting two or more years?
Which of the following statements regarding the prevalence of depression is true?
Which of the following statements regarding the prevalence of depression is true?
What is a common indicator that indicates a female may be at greater risk for depression?
What is a common indicator that indicates a female may be at greater risk for depression?
What psychological feature may occur during severe major depression?
What psychological feature may occur during severe major depression?
Which therapy is described as bringing underlying issues to consciousness?
Which therapy is described as bringing underlying issues to consciousness?
Which of the following is a misconception regarding depression in men?
Which of the following is a misconception regarding depression in men?
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Study Notes
Mental Status Exam
- Evaluates emotional state, mental state, and cognitive functioning
- Assesses alertness, fogginess, hypervigilance
History and Assessment
- Collects personal and family history to understand risk factors for mental disorders
- Reviews past mental health involvement, treatments, and their effectiveness
- Determines suitability and readiness for psychotherapy by assessing insight and problem articulation
Basic Diagnostic Concepts
- Uses the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR) for classification and diagnosis
- Signs are observable markers
- Symptoms are reported by the patient
- Syndromes combine signs and symptoms
- Prognosis refers to the expected outcome of the disorder
- Course of illness describes the progression of the disorder
- Etiology refers to the cause of the disorder
- Comorbidity indicates the presence of two or more disorders simultaneously
Cognitive Tasks
- Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) is used to screen for dementia, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and Alzheimer's disease (AD).
- MOCA assesses visuospatial/executive functioning, naming, memory, attention, language, abstraction, delayed recall, orientation, and other cognitive abilities.
Neuropsychological Tests
- Neuropsychological tests assess cognitive, perceptual, and motor performances on specific tasks.
- Abnormal performances indicate potential underlying brain problems.
- Brain damage can affect visual perception, memory, and visual-motor coordination.
DSM-5-TR: History, Development, and Organization
- Based on Emil Kraepelin's first modern classification system
- Provides categorical information about specific disorders
- Includes dimensional information about symptom severity (mild, moderate, severe)
- Offers additional psychosocial information using Z-codes for specific situations
- Links each diagnosis to a numerical code in the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10)
Cultural Differences in Depression
- Neurovegetative and cognitive signs are common across cultures.
- Western societies often emphasize feelings of guilt and "wretchedness."
- Non-Western societies may present more physical complaints or somatization.
- Differences in depression prevalence among ethnic and racial groups may be related to treatment access and experiences.
Psychodynamic Account of Major Depression
- Major losses, particularly in early life, may contribute to later depression.
- Mourning and introjection: Regression to the oral stage of development may lead to introjection of sadness and anger toward oneself.
- Object relations theory suggests depression arises from insecure and dependent relationships.
Postpartum Depression vs. "Baby Blues"
- Postpartum depression involves severe symptoms that significantly impact functioning.
- "Baby blues" are mild, transient mood fluctuations.
Gender and Depression
- Women have higher rates of attempted suicide, while men have higher rates of completed suicide.
- Men tend to use more lethal methods, such as hanging, shooting, or stabbing.
- Factors contributing to gender differences in depression include cultural expectations, hormone changes, stress levels, and coping mechanisms.
Prevalence of Depression
- Familial predisposition to unipolar depression is supported by family pedigree studies and twin studies.
- Genetic studies suggest links between unipolar depression and genes on certain chromosomes.
"Kindling" and Depression
- "Kindling" suggests that each major depressive episode increases the risk of future episodes.
- With repeated episodes, the triggers may become less clear.
Persistent Depressive Disorder and "Double Depression"
- Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) is characterized by chronic depression for at least two years.
- "Double depression" refers to a superimposed major depressive episode on top of persistent depressive disorder.
Psychotic Features in Severe Major Depression
- Severe cases of major depression may include psychotic features.
- Delusions: bizarre ideas without foundation.
- Hallucinations: perceptions of things that are not present.
Psychotherapy for Major Depression
- Psychodynamic therapy: helps by bringing underlying issues to consciousness and working through them.
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): focuses on uncovering and changing maladaptive thinking patterns.
- Interpersonal Therapy (IPT): addresses interpersonal problems that contribute to depression.
Suicide
- Attempted suicide is more common in women than men, while completed suicide is more common in men.
- Men use more lethal methods than women.
- American Indian males have the highest suicide rates in the US.
- Leading risk factors for suicide include stressful events, mood changes, alcohol and drug use, and mental disorders.
- Protective factors against suicide include strong social connections, stable social environments, and normal brain circuitry.
Interventions to Prevent Suicide
- Treatment after a suicide attempt involves medical care for injuries and potential long-term effects.
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