Menstrual Disorders and Conditions Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What condition is characterized by the absence of menstrual flow?

  • Amenorrhea (correct)
  • Oligomenorrhea
  • Menometrorrhagia
  • Dysmenorrhea

    • Which term describes frequently and irregularly occurring menstruation with heavier blood loss?

  • Menometrorrhagia (correct)
  • Primary ovarian insufficiency
  • Oligomenorrhea
  • Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

    • What typically occurs during oligomenorrhea?

  • Reduced menstrual flow with irregular cycles (correct)
  • Regular menstrual cycles with heavy flow
  • Absence of menstrual flow
  • Consistent menstrual flow with no irregularities

    • In the context of primary ovarian insufficiency, what abnormal hormonal balance is typically observed?

    <p>High estrogen and low progesterone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?

    <p>Mood swings and irritability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the endometrium if high estrogen levels are not balanced by progesterone?

    <p>It continues to thicken (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a menstrual disorder described in the content?

    <p>Hypomenorrhea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can premature menopause indicate in terms of ovarian function?

    <p>Complete ovarian failure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by endometrial tissue growing into the wall of the uterus?

    <p>Adenomyosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential effect of adenomyosis during menstrual periods?

    <p>Increased pain and swelling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a cause of secondary dysmenorrhea?

    <p>Endometriosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition might be caused by a birth defect in the cervix?

    <p>Cervical stenosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What non-hormonal therapy can help manage endometriosis symptoms?

    <p>Healthy diet with vitamin D (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT associated with endometriosis?

    <p>Improved digestion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a less common cause of secondary dysmenorrhea related to the use of contraceptives?

    <p>Use of an intrauterine device (IUD) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue growth characterizes adenomyosis?

    <p>Endometrial tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from the proliferation and secretion of ectopic endometrial tissue?

    <p>Inflammation of surrounding tissues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does secondary infertility imply?

    <p>The couple has previously conceived but cannot achieve a pregnancy currently. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a non-hormonal therapy option for endometriosis management?

    <p>Moisturizing soaps and lotions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a possible cause of secondary dysmenorrhea related to infections?

    <p>Pelvic inflammatory disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom could be a common indicator of both adenomyosis and secondary dysmenorrhea?

    <p>Menstrual cramps (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is dyschezia in the context of endometriosis?

    <p>Pain with bowel movements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'ectopic' refer to in ectopic pregnancy?

    <p>Pregnancy occurring outside the normal location. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During menstruation, what happens to ectopic endometrial tissue?

    <p>It bleeds and causes inflammation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which site is most commonly associated with ectopic pregnancies?

    <p>Ampulla of fallopian tubes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option is NOT a management strategy for ectopic pregnancy?

    <p>Practice natural family planning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is considered a non-hormonal therapy for endometriosis?

    <p>Loose fitting clothing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dietary component is suggested for managing endometriosis symptoms?

    <p>Vitamin D (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential cause of impaired sperm production that may lead to secondary infertility?

    <p>Endometriosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common emotional factor that requires recognition in the management of ectopic pregnancy?

    <p>Coping with anxiety and depression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is a possible way to assist artificial insemination?

    <p>Cannula with partner's semen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pregnancy is primarily associated with the fallopian tubes?

    <p>Ectopic pregnancy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used for the interruption of pregnancy before the fetus is viable?

    <p>Abortion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what point is a fetus generally considered viable?

    <p>Any time after 5 to 6 months of gestation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of abortion occurs without medical intervention?

    <p>Spontaneous abortion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a pregnancy that ends before 20 weeks gestation due to medical choice?

    <p>Induced abortion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes an abortion that is underway and cannot be stopped?

    <p>Inevitable abortion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of abortion is performed for health reasons or to protect the mother's health?

    <p>Therapeutic abortion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of abortion involves complications leading to incomplete expulsion of fetal tissue?

    <p>Incomplete abortion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms describes a pregnancy that has ended but the fetus is still retained?

    <p>Missed abortion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern in the management of a patient with a hydatidiform mole?

    <p>Monitoring vital signs and bleeding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic structure is associated with a hydatidiform mole?

    <p>Edematous grape-like clusters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Rho(D) immune globulin (RhoGAM) administered to an Rh-negative woman with a hydatidiform mole?

    <p>To prevent Rh incompatibility in future pregnancies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of counting perineal pads in a patient with a hydatidiform mole?

    <p>To evaluate potential blood loss (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms should be monitored in a patient with a hydatidiform mole?

    <p>Cramping and bleeding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of disease is hydatidiform mole categorized under?

    <p>Gestational trophoblastic disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common procedure prescribed for a patient with an incomplete hydatidiform mole?

    <p>Dilation and curettage (D&amp;C) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be provided to a patient with a hydatidiform mole to address emotional needs?

    <p>Psychological support (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Menstrual cramps

    Painful menstrual periods.

    Premature menopause

    Early onset of menopause due to ovarian failure.

    Menometrorrhagia

    Heavy and irregular bleeding between periods.

    Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

    A condition characterized by emotional and physical symptoms that occur in the days before a menstrual period.

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    Oligomenorrhea

    Reduced menstrual flow with irregular cycles and long intervals.

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    Amenorrhea

    Absence of menstrual flow.

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    Endometrial thickening

    In this condition, estrogen levels remain high after ovulation, leading to an imbalance with progesterone.

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    Menstruation

    The process of shedding the uterine lining.

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    What is adenomyosis?

    Endometrial tissue grows into the wall of the uterus, causing it to enlarge and swell during menstrual periods.

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    How can birth defects cause secondary dysmenorrhea?

    A narrowed cervix can cause painful periods.

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    How can cysts and tumors affect periods?

    Cysts and tumors in the ovaries can cause pain and irregular periods.

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    How can PID affect periods?

    Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) can lead to pain and complications.

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    How can an IUD affect periods?

    An IUD can sometimes cause discomfort and cramping.

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    What is adenomyosis?

    A condition where endometrial tissue grows abnormally into the uterine muscle.

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    What is secondary dysmenorrhea?

    Secondary dysmenorrhea refers to painful periods caused by factors other than the normal menstrual cycle.

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    What are some common causes of secondary dysmenorrhea?

    Birth defects, cysts, tumors, PID, and IUDs can all contribute to secondary dysmenorrhea.

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    What is endometriosis?

    Endometriosis is a condition where cells similar to those lining the uterus grow abnormally outside the uterus, often in the pelvic cavity.

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    How does ectopic endometrial tissue behave?

    Ectopic endometrial tissue responds to estrogen and progesterone by growing and releasing secretions.

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    What happens to the ectopic endometrial tissue during menstruation?

    During menstruation, endometrial tissue outside the uterus bleeds, causing inflammation and pain.

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    What is dysmenorrhea?

    Painful menstrual periods.

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    What is dyspareunia?

    Pain during sexual intercourse.

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    What is pelvic discomfort or pain?

    Pain in the pelvic area, which can be constant or intermittent.

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    What is dyschezia?

    Painful bowel movements.

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    What are some lifestyle modifications for managing endometriosis?

    Maintaining a healthy diet rich in vitamin D, exercising regularly, and wearing loose-fitting clothing can help manage endometriosis symptoms.

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    Secondary infertility

    A type of infertility where a couple has had a pregnancy before but is now unable to conceive again.

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    Endometriosis

    A condition where tissue that normally lines the uterus grows outside the womb: often in the fallopian tubes.

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    Ectopic pregnancy

    A pregnancy that occurs outside of the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes.

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    Ampulla of fallopian tubes

    The most common site for an ectopic pregnancy.

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    Mumps orchitis

    A condition where the testicles are inflamed, a common symptom in men with mumps.

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    Impaired sperm production

    The inability to achieve pregnancy due to impaired sperm production.

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    What's abortion?

    The termination of a pregnancy before the fetus becomes viable.

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    Spontaneous abortion

    Abortion that happens naturally without any medical intervention.

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    Induced abortion

    Abortion that is medically induced.

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    What's an abortion?

    A pregnancy that ends before the 20th week of gestation.

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    What is viability?

    The point at which a fetus can survive outside the womb. Typically after the 5th or 6th month of pregnancy.

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    Threatened abortion

    This refers to a potential threat of miscarrying the pregnancy.

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    Inevitable abortion

    This is a very likely miscarriage that's hard to stop.

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    Therapeutic abortion

    This refers to a medically justified abortion to protect the mother's health.

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    What is hydatidiform mole?

    A rare condition where abnormal growth forms inside the uterus during early pregnancy.

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    What are trophoblasts?

    The peripheral cells that attach the fertilized ovum to the uterine wall.

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    What is gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD)?

    A type of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) where the trophoblasts develop abnormally.

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    What is a nonmalignant hydatidiform mole?

    A non-cancerous form of hydatidiform mole.

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    What is choriocarcinoma?

    A cancerous form of hydatidiform mole that can spread.

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    What is a dilation and curettage (D&C)?

    A surgical procedure to remove the contents of the uterus.

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    What is Rho(D) immune globulin (RhoGAM)?

    A medication given to Rh-negative women to prevent Rh sensitization.

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    What is psychological support?

    Providing emotional support and information to the patient.

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    Study Notes

    Female Reproductive Disorders

    • Female Reproductive System Functions: Formation of ova, reception of spermatozoa, environments for fertilization/fetal development, childbirth, and lactation.

    External Genitalia (Vulva)

    • Components: Labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vaginal orifice, vestibule, hymen, and vestibular glands (Bartholin's glands).

    Internal Genitalia

    • Components: Vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries.
    • Uterus Structure: Perimetrium (outer), myometrium (middle muscle), endometrium (inner lining).
    • Uterus Parts: Fundus, body, cervix.
    • Vagina: Fibromuscular tube, stratified squamous epithelium, oblique course between bladder/rectum.
      • Functions: Receives penis, childbirth passageway

    Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes

    • Length and location: 10 cm long, extend from sides of uterus.
    • Fimbriae: Finger-like projections at the end of each tube.
    • Functions: Propel ovum to uterus via peristalsis/ciliary movement; nourish ovum/spermatozoa. Fertilization usually occurs in tube, then zygote travels to uterus for implantation.

    Ovary Structure

    • Tunica albuginea: Fibrous capsule.
    • Cortex: Outer; houses oocytes (developing gametes) within follicles.
    • Medulla: Inner; loose connective tissue, blood vessels & nerves.

    Ovarian Cycle

    • Follicular phase: ~14 days, variable, egg develops in follicle (most follicles die). FSH stimulates follicle growth, a single follicle matures into a Graafian follicle. Estrogen produced from follicle stimulates release of LH.
    • Ovulation: Egg released from follicle (LH surge), egg enters abdominal cavity and is picked up by fimbriae of the fallopian tube.
    • Luteal phase: ~14 days, constant, exploded follicle becomes Corpus Luteum. Produces progesterone & estrogen. Progesterone prepares uterus for pregnancy. If no pregnancy, Corpus Luteum degenerates into Corpus Albicans.

    Menstrual Disorders

    • Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB): Irregular bleeding due to hormonal changes during menstruation.
      • Types: Polymenorrhea (more frequent cycles), metrorrhagia (bleeding between periods), menorrhagia (prolonged/excessive during periods), menometrorrhagia (increased blood loss, frequent/irregular), oligomenorrhea (reduced flow), amenorrhea (absence of flow).

    Amenorrhea

    • Primary Amenorrhea: Never had a menstrual period.
    • Secondary Amenorrhea: Menstrual periods started, then stopped.
    • Causes (Primary): Genetics, congenital disorders, malnutrition, hyperthyroidism
    • Causes (Secondary): Pregnancy, breastfeeding, menopause, PCOS, emotional upset, excessive exercise, medications.

    Dysmenorrhea

    • Painful Menstrual Periods: Common in nulliparous women. Pain in lower torso (pelvis), severe a few days before and during period. More severe if periods started young, are long/heavy, or if family members have dysmenorrhea.

    Types of Dysmenorrhea

    • Primary: No identifiable pelvic pathology, likely due to increased prostaglandins during menstruation.
    • Secondary: Underlying pathology (e.g., endometriosis, fibroids, adenomyosis, birth defects, cysts, tumors, PID, IUD).

    Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

    • Symptoms: Physical (headache, fatigue), behavioral (irritability), and emotional (mood swings). Varies between women and cycles

    Premature Menopause

    • Definition: Permanent end of menstrual periods before age 40.
    • Causes: Ovaries stop releasing eggs & producing hormones.
    • Symptoms: Similar to natural menopause (hot flashes, etc.) but absence of symptoms is possible.

    Uterine Prolapse

    • Definition: Uterus drops down into vagina due to weakened connective tissue/ligaments.
    • Stages: I (upper half of vagina), II (nearly to vaginal opening), III (protrudes out of vagina).
    • Symptoms: Pain, difficulty with bowel movements, painful intercourse, feeling of heaviness/pressure.

    Cystocele & Rectocele

    • Cystocele: Bladder drops towards vaginal opening; damage to anterior vaginal support.
    • Rectocele: Rectum bulges into vagina due to weakened tissue/ligaments between rectum and vagina.

    Fistulas

    • Definition: Abnormal opening btwn internal hollow organs.
      • Types: Vesicovaginal (bladder-vagina, urine from vagina), Rectovaginal (rectum-vagina, fecal incontinence), Cervical, Enterovaginal.

    Infertility

    • Definition: Inability to conceive after one year of unprotected intercourse.
      • Types: Primary (never had a child), Secondary (at least one conception).
        • Causes: Uterine displacement, congenital anomalies, inflammation, STDs, impaired sperm production

    Ectopic Pregnancy

    • Definition: Pregnancy occurs outside uterine cavity (e.g., fallopian tube).
    • Symptoms: Light bleeding, pelvic pain (severe if rupture), nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramp, shoulder/neck pain, dizziness/weakness.

    Abortion

    • Definition: Termination of pregnancy before viability.
      • Types: Spontaneous (natural), Induced (therapeutic/elective).
      • Stages: Threatened, inevitable, incomplete, complete, missed, habitual.

    Hydatidiform Mole

    • Definition: Abnormal growth (mass) in the uterus, type of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD).
      • Types: Partial (abnormal placenta, some fetal development), Complete (abnormal placenta, no fetus).
        • Symptoms: Vaginal bleeding, elevated human chorionic gonadotropin levels, fundal height greater than expected for gestation date, snowstorm pattern on ultrasound.

    Breast Cancer

    • Types: Ductal (commonest) or lobular.
    • Metastasis: Through lymph nodes.
    • Grading: I (mild dysplasia), II (moderate), III (severe), IV (anaplasia).
    • Staging: 0-IV (0: in situ, 1-IV: increasing local/regional spread/distant metastasis).

    Ovarian Cysts

    • Definition: Fluid-filled sac on an ovary.
      • Types: Functional (common, cycle-related), Pathologic (abnormal cell growth).
        • Symptoms: Pelvic pain (ranging in intensity), dyspareunia, bowel problems, urinary frequency, abnormal periods, bloating.

    Uterine Fibroids

    • Definition: Benign tumors in the uterine wall (common in women of reproductive age).
      • Classification: Intramural (in wall), submucosal (into cavity), subserosal (out of surface).
    • Symptoms: Heavy bleeding, longer periods, pelvic pressure/pain, frequent urination, constipation, back/leg pain.
    • Treatment: Myomectomy, myolysis, hysterectomy

    Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)

    • Definition: Endocrine disorder impacting menstrual cycles and hormone levels (high androgens).
    • Symptoms: Irregular periods, acne, voice changes, reduced breast size, hirsutism (excess body hair), may be slightly obese or thin.
    • Diagnosis: Hormone levels, ultrasound.
    • Treatment: Exercise, diet, drugs (metformin, birth control pills, spironolactone, anti-androgens). Surgery as a final resort when other treatments fail

    Cervical Cancer

    • Definition: Cancer of the cervix
    • Causes: HPV infection, other risk factors including STDs, immunosuppression, poor diet, obesity, early/multiple pregnancies, smoking
    • Pathophysiology:
      • Preinvasive: Minimal/severe dysplasia, carcinoma in situ
      • Invasive: Penetration of basement membrane w/ spread to adjacent pelvic structures, lymph system.
    • Staging: 0-IV to determine treatment
    • Treatment: Surgery, Radiation, Chemotherapy

    Endometrial (Uterine) Cancer

    • Definition: Cancer of the endometrial lining of the uterus.
    • Risk factors: Estrogen replacement, late onset of menopause, obesity, family history, nulliparity

    Ovarian Cancer

    • Definition: Cancer arising from the ovaries.
    • Risk factors: Estrogen, nulliparity, PCOS, age, late menopause, family history of certain cancers, obesity, hypertension, diabetes.
    • Symptoms: Abdominal discomfort/swelling, gastrointestinal issues, abnormal vaginal bleeding, abdominal mass, increased tumor marker (ex: CA-125).
    • Management: Surgery (remove ovaries, uterus), Chemotherapy; radiation may be used.

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    Test your knowledge on various menstrual disorders including conditions like oligomenorrhea, primary ovarian insufficiency, and endometriosis. This quiz explores symptoms, hormonal imbalances, and potential treatments associated with these conditions. Challenge yourself to see how much you really know about women's health issues related to menstruation.

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