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Questions and Answers
What condition is characterized by the absence of menstrual flow?
What condition is characterized by the absence of menstrual flow?
Which term describes frequently and irregularly occurring menstruation with heavier blood loss?
Which term describes frequently and irregularly occurring menstruation with heavier blood loss?
What typically occurs during oligomenorrhea?
What typically occurs during oligomenorrhea?
In the context of primary ovarian insufficiency, what abnormal hormonal balance is typically observed?
In the context of primary ovarian insufficiency, what abnormal hormonal balance is typically observed?
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What is a common symptom of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?
What is a common symptom of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?
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What happens to the endometrium if high estrogen levels are not balanced by progesterone?
What happens to the endometrium if high estrogen levels are not balanced by progesterone?
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Which of the following is not a menstrual disorder described in the content?
Which of the following is not a menstrual disorder described in the content?
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What can premature menopause indicate in terms of ovarian function?
What can premature menopause indicate in terms of ovarian function?
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What condition is characterized by endometrial tissue growing into the wall of the uterus?
What condition is characterized by endometrial tissue growing into the wall of the uterus?
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What is a potential effect of adenomyosis during menstrual periods?
What is a potential effect of adenomyosis during menstrual periods?
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Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a cause of secondary dysmenorrhea?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a cause of secondary dysmenorrhea?
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Which condition might be caused by a birth defect in the cervix?
Which condition might be caused by a birth defect in the cervix?
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What non-hormonal therapy can help manage endometriosis symptoms?
What non-hormonal therapy can help manage endometriosis symptoms?
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Which symptom is NOT associated with endometriosis?
Which symptom is NOT associated with endometriosis?
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What is a less common cause of secondary dysmenorrhea related to the use of contraceptives?
What is a less common cause of secondary dysmenorrhea related to the use of contraceptives?
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What type of tissue growth characterizes adenomyosis?
What type of tissue growth characterizes adenomyosis?
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What can result from the proliferation and secretion of ectopic endometrial tissue?
What can result from the proliferation and secretion of ectopic endometrial tissue?
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What does secondary infertility imply?
What does secondary infertility imply?
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Which of the following is a non-hormonal therapy option for endometriosis management?
Which of the following is a non-hormonal therapy option for endometriosis management?
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Which of the following is considered a possible cause of secondary dysmenorrhea related to infections?
Which of the following is considered a possible cause of secondary dysmenorrhea related to infections?
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What symptom could be a common indicator of both adenomyosis and secondary dysmenorrhea?
What symptom could be a common indicator of both adenomyosis and secondary dysmenorrhea?
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What is dyschezia in the context of endometriosis?
What is dyschezia in the context of endometriosis?
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What does the term 'ectopic' refer to in ectopic pregnancy?
What does the term 'ectopic' refer to in ectopic pregnancy?
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During menstruation, what happens to ectopic endometrial tissue?
During menstruation, what happens to ectopic endometrial tissue?
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Which site is most commonly associated with ectopic pregnancies?
Which site is most commonly associated with ectopic pregnancies?
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Which option is NOT a management strategy for ectopic pregnancy?
Which option is NOT a management strategy for ectopic pregnancy?
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Which of the following factors is considered a non-hormonal therapy for endometriosis?
Which of the following factors is considered a non-hormonal therapy for endometriosis?
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What dietary component is suggested for managing endometriosis symptoms?
What dietary component is suggested for managing endometriosis symptoms?
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What is one potential cause of impaired sperm production that may lead to secondary infertility?
What is one potential cause of impaired sperm production that may lead to secondary infertility?
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What is a common emotional factor that requires recognition in the management of ectopic pregnancy?
What is a common emotional factor that requires recognition in the management of ectopic pregnancy?
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Which method is a possible way to assist artificial insemination?
Which method is a possible way to assist artificial insemination?
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What type of pregnancy is primarily associated with the fallopian tubes?
What type of pregnancy is primarily associated with the fallopian tubes?
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What term is used for the interruption of pregnancy before the fetus is viable?
What term is used for the interruption of pregnancy before the fetus is viable?
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At what point is a fetus generally considered viable?
At what point is a fetus generally considered viable?
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Which type of abortion occurs without medical intervention?
Which type of abortion occurs without medical intervention?
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What is the term for a pregnancy that ends before 20 weeks gestation due to medical choice?
What is the term for a pregnancy that ends before 20 weeks gestation due to medical choice?
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Which term describes an abortion that is underway and cannot be stopped?
Which term describes an abortion that is underway and cannot be stopped?
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What kind of abortion is performed for health reasons or to protect the mother's health?
What kind of abortion is performed for health reasons or to protect the mother's health?
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Which type of abortion involves complications leading to incomplete expulsion of fetal tissue?
Which type of abortion involves complications leading to incomplete expulsion of fetal tissue?
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Which of the following terms describes a pregnancy that has ended but the fetus is still retained?
Which of the following terms describes a pregnancy that has ended but the fetus is still retained?
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What is the primary concern in the management of a patient with a hydatidiform mole?
What is the primary concern in the management of a patient with a hydatidiform mole?
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What characteristic structure is associated with a hydatidiform mole?
What characteristic structure is associated with a hydatidiform mole?
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Why is Rho(D) immune globulin (RhoGAM) administered to an Rh-negative woman with a hydatidiform mole?
Why is Rho(D) immune globulin (RhoGAM) administered to an Rh-negative woman with a hydatidiform mole?
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What is the purpose of counting perineal pads in a patient with a hydatidiform mole?
What is the purpose of counting perineal pads in a patient with a hydatidiform mole?
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Which of the following symptoms should be monitored in a patient with a hydatidiform mole?
Which of the following symptoms should be monitored in a patient with a hydatidiform mole?
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What type of disease is hydatidiform mole categorized under?
What type of disease is hydatidiform mole categorized under?
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What is a common procedure prescribed for a patient with an incomplete hydatidiform mole?
What is a common procedure prescribed for a patient with an incomplete hydatidiform mole?
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What should be provided to a patient with a hydatidiform mole to address emotional needs?
What should be provided to a patient with a hydatidiform mole to address emotional needs?
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Study Notes
Female Reproductive Disorders
- Female Reproductive System Functions: Formation of ova, reception of spermatozoa, environments for fertilization/fetal development, childbirth, and lactation.
External Genitalia (Vulva)
- Components: Labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vaginal orifice, vestibule, hymen, and vestibular glands (Bartholin's glands).
Internal Genitalia
- Components: Vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries.
- Uterus Structure: Perimetrium (outer), myometrium (middle muscle), endometrium (inner lining).
- Uterus Parts: Fundus, body, cervix.
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Vagina: Fibromuscular tube, stratified squamous epithelium, oblique course between bladder/rectum.
- Functions: Receives penis, childbirth passageway
Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes
- Length and location: 10 cm long, extend from sides of uterus.
- Fimbriae: Finger-like projections at the end of each tube.
- Functions: Propel ovum to uterus via peristalsis/ciliary movement; nourish ovum/spermatozoa. Fertilization usually occurs in tube, then zygote travels to uterus for implantation.
Ovary Structure
- Tunica albuginea: Fibrous capsule.
- Cortex: Outer; houses oocytes (developing gametes) within follicles.
- Medulla: Inner; loose connective tissue, blood vessels & nerves.
Ovarian Cycle
- Follicular phase: ~14 days, variable, egg develops in follicle (most follicles die). FSH stimulates follicle growth, a single follicle matures into a Graafian follicle. Estrogen produced from follicle stimulates release of LH.
- Ovulation: Egg released from follicle (LH surge), egg enters abdominal cavity and is picked up by fimbriae of the fallopian tube.
- Luteal phase: ~14 days, constant, exploded follicle becomes Corpus Luteum. Produces progesterone & estrogen. Progesterone prepares uterus for pregnancy. If no pregnancy, Corpus Luteum degenerates into Corpus Albicans.
Menstrual Disorders
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Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB): Irregular bleeding due to hormonal changes during menstruation.
- Types: Polymenorrhea (more frequent cycles), metrorrhagia (bleeding between periods), menorrhagia (prolonged/excessive during periods), menometrorrhagia (increased blood loss, frequent/irregular), oligomenorrhea (reduced flow), amenorrhea (absence of flow).
Amenorrhea
- Primary Amenorrhea: Never had a menstrual period.
- Secondary Amenorrhea: Menstrual periods started, then stopped.
- Causes (Primary): Genetics, congenital disorders, malnutrition, hyperthyroidism
- Causes (Secondary): Pregnancy, breastfeeding, menopause, PCOS, emotional upset, excessive exercise, medications.
Dysmenorrhea
- Painful Menstrual Periods: Common in nulliparous women. Pain in lower torso (pelvis), severe a few days before and during period. More severe if periods started young, are long/heavy, or if family members have dysmenorrhea.
Types of Dysmenorrhea
- Primary: No identifiable pelvic pathology, likely due to increased prostaglandins during menstruation.
- Secondary: Underlying pathology (e.g., endometriosis, fibroids, adenomyosis, birth defects, cysts, tumors, PID, IUD).
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
- Symptoms: Physical (headache, fatigue), behavioral (irritability), and emotional (mood swings). Varies between women and cycles
Premature Menopause
- Definition: Permanent end of menstrual periods before age 40.
- Causes: Ovaries stop releasing eggs & producing hormones.
- Symptoms: Similar to natural menopause (hot flashes, etc.) but absence of symptoms is possible.
Uterine Prolapse
- Definition: Uterus drops down into vagina due to weakened connective tissue/ligaments.
- Stages: I (upper half of vagina), II (nearly to vaginal opening), III (protrudes out of vagina).
- Symptoms: Pain, difficulty with bowel movements, painful intercourse, feeling of heaviness/pressure.
Cystocele & Rectocele
- Cystocele: Bladder drops towards vaginal opening; damage to anterior vaginal support.
- Rectocele: Rectum bulges into vagina due to weakened tissue/ligaments between rectum and vagina.
Fistulas
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Definition: Abnormal opening btwn internal hollow organs.
- Types: Vesicovaginal (bladder-vagina, urine from vagina), Rectovaginal (rectum-vagina, fecal incontinence), Cervical, Enterovaginal.
Infertility
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Definition: Inability to conceive after one year of unprotected intercourse.
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Types: Primary (never had a child), Secondary (at least one conception).
- Causes: Uterine displacement, congenital anomalies, inflammation, STDs, impaired sperm production
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Types: Primary (never had a child), Secondary (at least one conception).
Ectopic Pregnancy
- Definition: Pregnancy occurs outside uterine cavity (e.g., fallopian tube).
- Symptoms: Light bleeding, pelvic pain (severe if rupture), nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramp, shoulder/neck pain, dizziness/weakness.
Abortion
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Definition: Termination of pregnancy before viability.
- Types: Spontaneous (natural), Induced (therapeutic/elective).
- Stages: Threatened, inevitable, incomplete, complete, missed, habitual.
Hydatidiform Mole
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Definition: Abnormal growth (mass) in the uterus, type of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD).
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Types: Partial (abnormal placenta, some fetal development), Complete (abnormal placenta, no fetus).
- Symptoms: Vaginal bleeding, elevated human chorionic gonadotropin levels, fundal height greater than expected for gestation date, snowstorm pattern on ultrasound.
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Types: Partial (abnormal placenta, some fetal development), Complete (abnormal placenta, no fetus).
Breast Cancer
- Types: Ductal (commonest) or lobular.
- Metastasis: Through lymph nodes.
- Grading: I (mild dysplasia), II (moderate), III (severe), IV (anaplasia).
- Staging: 0-IV (0: in situ, 1-IV: increasing local/regional spread/distant metastasis).
Ovarian Cysts
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Definition: Fluid-filled sac on an ovary.
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Types: Functional (common, cycle-related), Pathologic (abnormal cell growth).
- Symptoms: Pelvic pain (ranging in intensity), dyspareunia, bowel problems, urinary frequency, abnormal periods, bloating.
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Types: Functional (common, cycle-related), Pathologic (abnormal cell growth).
Uterine Fibroids
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Definition: Benign tumors in the uterine wall (common in women of reproductive age).
- Classification: Intramural (in wall), submucosal (into cavity), subserosal (out of surface).
- Symptoms: Heavy bleeding, longer periods, pelvic pressure/pain, frequent urination, constipation, back/leg pain.
- Treatment: Myomectomy, myolysis, hysterectomy
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
- Definition: Endocrine disorder impacting menstrual cycles and hormone levels (high androgens).
- Symptoms: Irregular periods, acne, voice changes, reduced breast size, hirsutism (excess body hair), may be slightly obese or thin.
- Diagnosis: Hormone levels, ultrasound.
- Treatment: Exercise, diet, drugs (metformin, birth control pills, spironolactone, anti-androgens). Surgery as a final resort when other treatments fail
Cervical Cancer
- Definition: Cancer of the cervix
- Causes: HPV infection, other risk factors including STDs, immunosuppression, poor diet, obesity, early/multiple pregnancies, smoking
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Pathophysiology:
- Preinvasive: Minimal/severe dysplasia, carcinoma in situ
- Invasive: Penetration of basement membrane w/ spread to adjacent pelvic structures, lymph system.
- Staging: 0-IV to determine treatment
- Treatment: Surgery, Radiation, Chemotherapy
Endometrial (Uterine) Cancer
- Definition: Cancer of the endometrial lining of the uterus.
- Risk factors: Estrogen replacement, late onset of menopause, obesity, family history, nulliparity
Ovarian Cancer
- Definition: Cancer arising from the ovaries.
- Risk factors: Estrogen, nulliparity, PCOS, age, late menopause, family history of certain cancers, obesity, hypertension, diabetes.
- Symptoms: Abdominal discomfort/swelling, gastrointestinal issues, abnormal vaginal bleeding, abdominal mass, increased tumor marker (ex: CA-125).
- Management: Surgery (remove ovaries, uterus), Chemotherapy; radiation may be used.
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Description
Test your knowledge on various menstrual disorders including conditions like oligomenorrhea, primary ovarian insufficiency, and endometriosis. This quiz explores symptoms, hormonal imbalances, and potential treatments associated with these conditions. Challenge yourself to see how much you really know about women's health issues related to menstruation.
