Menstrual Cycle, Ovarian Tumors, and Infertility

Mature cystic teratomas are benign tumors that often undergo torsion, but cyst rupture is rare.

Solid teratomas are malignant tumors that arise from the proliferation of multiple germ cell lines.

Cancer antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) is a tumor antigen associated with mucinous epithelial ovarian carcinoma.

α-fetoprotein (AFP) is a tumor marker associated with dysgerminoma.

β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) is a tumor marker associated with granulosa cell tumor.

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is a tumor marker associated with yolk sac tumor and embryonal cell carcinoma.

Ascites, a history of breast cancer, and a CA125 level exceeding 35 U/mL are clinical criteria that warrant referral to a gynecologic oncologist for a newly diagnosed pelvic mass in a premenopausal woman.

Hunner ulcer, a reddish-brown mucosal lesion with small radiating vessels, is considered diagnostic of interstitial cystitis during cystoscopy.

Surgical procedure to remove fibroids from the uterus, preserving the uterus.

Surgical removal of the uterus, potentially including the cervix and/or surrounding structures.

Procedure that blocks blood flow to fibroids by injecting tiny particles into uterine arteries.

Procedure that destroys the lining of the uterus, often used to treat heavy menstrual bleeding.

Most common cause of urinary symptoms in women with fibroids, due to pressure on the bladder.

Initial treatment for irregular bleeding and anemia in women with fibroids, addressing both iron deficiency and hormonal imbalances.

Minimally invasive approach for treating fibroids in women who desire fertility preservation.

Best initial approach for a pregnant woman with a fibroid, monitoring for any complications.

A benign tumor of the uterus, commonly causing heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pressure, and irregular uterine enlargement.

A benign condition found in newborns, characterized by a cyst on the ovary. It is often discovered incidentally during sonography and usually resolves on its own.

A hormonal treatment option for uterine fibroids, often used to shrink the fibroids and reduce symptoms. It works by temporarily suppressing estrogen production.

A common endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age. It's characterized by irregular cycles, cysts on the ovaries, and excess androgen levels.

A condition where the uterine cavity is distorted by a mass, often found in the context of infertility investigations.

A condition where the ovaries are enlarged and contain multiple follicles, usually detected by ultrasound.

Refers to infrequent or absent ovulation, a key symptom of PCOS.

A serious complication of uterine fibroids, characterized by sudden pelvic pain, fever, and a tender mass. It occurs when the fibroid experiences degeneration or inflammation.

A non-invasive imaging technique used to visually assess the uterus, ovaries, and other pelvic organs. Often used to diagnose fibroids, cysts, and other uterine abnormalities.

A medical term for the signs of increased male hormones in the body, such as acne, excess hair growth, or irregular periods.

A hormone directly linked to PCOS, often found in higher levels in male relatives of women with PCOS.

A hormone that stimulates follicle growth and development in the ovaries, its release patterns are affected in PCOS.

A hormonal therapy for uterine fibroids, but primarily used to treat heavy menstrual bleeding and menorrhagia.

A hormone that triggers ovulation and is affected in PCOS, leading to irregular cycles and potentially infertility.