27 Questions
Which type of spinal dysraphism is characterized by a vertebral defect with no fusion of two halves of the vertebral arch?
Spina bifida occulta
Which region is commonly affected by spina bifida occulta?
Sacral
What is the main characteristic feature of spina bifida occulta?
Presence of a small dimple with or without hair
What percentage of people does spina bifida occulta affect?
10%
Which type of spinal dysraphism involves a defect in the skin and may present with fluid-filled sac protruding through the vertebral defect?
Myelomeningocoele
What is the main difference between a meningocoele and a meningomyelocoele?
In a meningocoele, only the meninges protrude through the vertebral defect, while in a meningomyelocoele, the spinal cord also extends through the defect.
What type of developmental anomaly is a meningocoele?
A congenital malformation of the central nervous system.
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of meningomyelocoele?
Difficulty with speech and language development.
What is the main reason why individuals with meningomyelocoele are at risk of infection?
The thin overlying skin covering the protruding spinal cord and meninges is prone to breakdown and infection.
Why are motor and sensory deficits common in individuals with meningomyelocoele?
The protruding spinal cord is exposed to mechanical trauma, leading to damage and loss of function.
What is the most well-established risk factor for neural tube defects (NTDs)?
Folate deficiency during the first weeks of gestation
What is the relationship between forebrain anomalies and mutations in several genes?
Forebrain anomalies are caused by mutations in several genes required for proper cerebral development.
Which of the following is TRUE about megalencephaly and microencephaly?
Megalencephaly is characterized by an abnormally small brain volume.
What can microencephaly be associated with?
Chromosome abnormalities, fetal alcohol syndrome, and HIV-1 acquired in utero.
What is the primary cause of microencephaly?
Reduction in the number of neurons reaching the neocortex.
Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of microencephaly mentioned in the text?
Exposure to radiation during pregnancy
What is the percentage of serious malformations at birth?
3%
Which factor is highlighted as undetermined in over 50% of malformations?
Aetiology
Which environmental factor is mentioned as a teratogen?
Chemical agents
When does a teratogenic agent produce more damage?
Early in gestation
Which part of the neural tube do most common defects affect?
Spinal cord
What do neural tube defects involve?
Combination of neural tissue, meninges, and overlying bone or soft tissue
What is the most severe form of forebrain malformation described?
Cyclopia
Which type of malformation is characterized by the complete failure of the brain to divide?
Alobar
What is the consequence of arhinencephaly?
Absence of the olfactory bulb
Which type of malformation involves fusion of cerebral hemispheres in the frontal lobes?
Semi-lobar
How does semi-lobar malformation differ from lobar malformation?
Fusion in frontal and parietal regions
Learn about the malformations and developmental anomalies known as Meningocoele and Meningomyelocoele. Understand the differences between the two conditions, their impacts on motor and sensory functions, as well as potential complications.
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