Mendel's Experimental Approach and Mathematical Interpretation
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Questions and Answers

What distinguished Mendel's approach from that of earlier investigators?

  • He conducted additional crosses to test his hypotheses. (correct)
  • He focused solely on environmental factors.
  • He relied on descriptive data rather than experimental data.
  • He did not use mathematics to interpret his results.

    • What characteristic of garden pea plants allowed Mendel to conduct multiple experiments in a relatively short time?

  • Self-fertilizing nature and many offspring (correct)
  • Few offspring
  • Dependence on cross-pollination
  • Long generation times

    • Why were the loci for any two characters in Mendel's dihybrid crosses considered to be independent?

  • They were not related to the pea plant's genotype.
  • They were located far apart in most cases. (correct)
  • They were always inherited together.
  • They were located close together on the same chromosome.

    • What did Mendel's experiments focus on determining as the primary factor influencing traits?

    <p>Genotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor enabled Mendel to recognize distinct patterns in his data?

    <p>Keeping careful records and using mathematics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What delayed Mendel's publication of his results after 10 years of experimentation?

    <p>Technological limitations regarding microscopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What crucial aspect of garden pea plants most facilitated artificial cross-pollination in Mendel's experiments?

    <p>Self-fertilizing nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the order of dominance in coat color in rabbits, from highest to lowest dominance?

    <p>C &gt; Cch &gt; Ch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Himalayan rabbits, which allele provides pigmentation only in colder parts of the body?

    <p>Ch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutation results in the synthesis of a nonfunctional gene product that can be tolerated in the heterozygous state?

    <p>Recessive lethal mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation causes ectopic production or overexpression of a toxic product?

    <p>Dominant lethal mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are dominant lethal alleles very rare?

    <p>Negative selection by nature and late lethality phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which allele causes the death of an organism during an early stage of development, often before birth?

    <p>'H' locus allele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Essential Genes' are primarily affected by which type of lethal mutations?

    <p>Recessive lethal mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Lethal Alleles' may be of which nature according to the text?

    <p>'Conditional' lethal alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe human males who have one X and one Y chromosome in their somatic cells?

    <p>Hemizygous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in human females contain two X chromosomes?

    <p>Somatic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines maleness in the XX-XY system?

    <p>Presence of Y chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ducts are undifferentiated in each human embryo?

    <p>Wolffian ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many genes are there on the Y chromosome compared to the X chromosome?

    <p>~75 genes on Y compared to 900–1400 on X</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of gestation do gonadal tissues arise as a pair of gonadal ridges?

    <p>Fifth week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of neutral gonadal tissue is capable of developing into an ovary?

    <p>Cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the XX-XO sex determination system, which of the following correctly describes the gametes produced by females?

    <p>Gametes with X chromosomes only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sex chromosomes do males carry in the ZZ-ZW system found in birds?

    <p>ZZ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines maleness in the XX-XO sex determination system?

    <p>Absence of X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of insects exhibit the haplodiploidy sex determination system?

    <p>Ants, bees, and wasps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sex chromosomes do females carry in the ZZ-ZW system found in birds?

    <p>ZW</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do males in the ZZ-ZW system determine their maleness?

    <p>Presence of Z chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sex chromosome composition for females in the XX-XO system?

    <p>XX</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sex determination system is based on the number of chromosomes found per cell?

    <p>Haplodiploidy System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the binomial expansion help solve in genetics problems?

    <p>Calculate all possibilities for a given set of two unordered events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a monohybrid cross, what does a 6!/(4! 2!) x (½)^4 x (½)^2 expression represent?

    <p>Probability of having 4 girls and 2 boys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probability of having exactly 5 girls in a family of six children?

    <p>$6!/(5! 1!) x (½)^5 x (½)^1$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'n' represent in the binomial probability calculation?

    <p>Number of trials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using the binomial equation in genetics problems?

    <p>To calculate all possible outcomes for a set of events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probability of having at least four girls in a family with six children?

    <p>$6!/(4! 2!) x (½)^4 x (½)^2$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the binomial expansion help solve complex genetics problems related to probability?

    <p>By calculating all possibilities for a given set of two unordered events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'p + q = 1' signify in the context of genetics probability calculations?

    <p>'p' represents the probability of an event occurring, while 'q' represents the probability of another event occurring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Mendel's experimental approach involve, unlike many earlier investigators?

    <p>Conducting additional crosses before formulating hypotheses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Mendel's pea plants, what largely determined the characters?

    <p>Genotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Mendel's careful record-keeping and use of mathematics allow him to do?

    <p>Compute ratios of different traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of garden pea plants facilitated artificial cross-pollination in Mendel's experiments?

    <p>Self-fertilizing nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the advantage of studying garden pea plants in Mendel's experiments regarding character variation?

    <p>Detectably distinct characters like seed color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allowed Mendel to conduct thorough and patient experiments for 10 years before publishing?

    <p>The annual life cycle of pea plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic phenomenon was observed in most cases during Mendel's dihybrid crosses?

    <p><strong>Independent assortment</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist independently confirmed Mendel's conclusions around the year 1900?

    <p>Hugo de Vries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Mendel term as dominant traits in his experiments?

    <p>Traits that appear in the F1 heterozygous offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Concept of Dominance, when two different alleles are present in a genotype, which trait is observed?

    <p>Trait encoded by the dominant allele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Mendel's Principle of Segregation state regarding alleles during gamete formation?

    <p>One allele goes into each gamete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory was developed in the early 1900s by Sutton and Boveri?

    <p>Chromosomal Theory of Heredity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In monohybrid crosses, what did Mendel reason about the F1 plants?

    <p>They possess two genetic factors encoding a characteristic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Mendel observe about the alleles of an individual plant?

    <p>They separate with equal probability into gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic determines dominant and recessive traits according to Mendel's Law of Dominance?

    <p>Expression levels of the alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gene interaction is demonstrated in a cross between two true-breeding strains of white-flowered sweet peas?

    <p>Duplicate recessive epistasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the text, when do all other genotype combinations yield white flowers in sweet peas?

    <p>When the presence of at least one dominant allele of each of two gene pairs is essential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of gene interaction occurs when two recessive mutations happen at the same locus?

    <p>Complementation test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario does the heterozygote condition rescue the function lost in the homozygous recessive state according to the text?

    <p>In complementary gene interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of gene interaction is indicated by the presence of a gene masking the expression of another locus' dominant allele?

    <p>Dominant epistasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a phenotypic ratio of 13:3 observed in certain cases of gene interaction suggest?

    <p>Dominant epistasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation occurs at the same locus according to the text?

    <p>Allelic mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When two mutations occur in different genes, what term is used to describe them according to the text?

    <p>&quot;Non-allelic mutations&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenotypic ratio resulting from a recessive lethal allele according to the text?

    <p>2:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Huntington's disease, what is the age range of onset for the disease and eventual lethality in heterozygotes?

    <p>30-50 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene interaction type involves mutations in the wingless gene masking mutations in the crossveinless gene?

    <p>Epistasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected ratio in a dihybrid cross due to gene-gene interactions listed in the text?

    <p>9:3:3:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of allele is responsible for killing under only a specific temperature?

    <p>Conditional lethal allele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes gene-gene interactions according to the text?

    <p>Common contribution of numerous gene products to a single phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which gene interaction type do genes at multiple loci determine a single phenotype?

    <p>Complementary gene action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does epistasis refer to according to the text?

    <p>Expression of one gene masking or modifying another gene's expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In codominance, how is the phenotype of the heterozygote different from the phenotype of the homozygotes?

    <p>The heterozygote expresses both phenotypes found in the homozygotes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the blood type of individuals with the genotype LNLN at the MN blood-group locus?

    <p>Blood type N</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For individuals with genotype LMLN at the MN blood-group locus, what antigens are expressed on their red blood cells?

    <p>Both M and N antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genotypic ratio is typical for codominance?

    <p>1:2:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Tay-Sachs disease, individuals with only a single copy of the mutant gene are known as:

    <p>Heterozygotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the enzyme activity level in heterozygotes compared to homozygous normal individuals in Tay-Sachs disease?

    <p>About 50 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the expression of phenotypes in Tay-Sachs disease?

    <p><strong>Homozygotes express 100% of enzyme activity while heterozygotes express 50%</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

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