Gregor Mendel and His Genetics Experiments

Mendel conducted experiments on pea plants, meticulously recording traits like seed shape and color.
His work focused on inheritance patterns across generations.
He formulated the principles of segregation and independent assortment.
Segregation: Each parent passes only one allele for each trait to its offspring.
Independent assortment: Alleles for different traits are passed on independently.
Mendel's work wasn't immediately recognized; it was only appreciated later by other researchers.
He developed the Law of Dominance by observing the trait of a parent plant is expressed over the other.
He observed the inheritance of traits such as seed shape, seed color, plant height, and flower color through generations.
His experimental design included meticulous record-keeping and controlled crosses of pea plants.

The discovery of DNA as the hereditary material was a major breakthrough.
The structure of DNA was elucidated by Watson and Crick, building on Rosalind Franklin's work.
The development of methods like PCR and gel electrophoresis revolutionized genetic analysis.
Genetic engineering techniques, like CRISPR-Cas9, allow precise editing of DNA.
Mapping of the human genome provided a comprehensive view of human genes.
Advances in gene therapy hold the potential to treat genetic diseases.
Understanding of gene regulation and epigenetics has improved our knowledge of how genes function in the body.
Cloning techniques have led to the creation of genetically identical organisms.
The study of model organisms like fruit flies and mice provided insights into fundamental genetic processes.

Classical genetics: Study of inheritance patterns through observation of traits.
Molecular genetics: Examines the structure and function of DNA and RNA, including gene expression and replication.
Population genetics: Studies genes and genetic variations within populations, focusing on how gene frequencies change over time.
Quantitative genetics: Analyzes the inheritance of complex traits with multiple genes influencing the phenotype.
Genomics: The study of an organism's complete set of genetic material.
Bioinformatics: The use of computational methods to analyze biological data, including genetic data.
Genetic screening and testing: Used to identify disease-causing genes and assess the risk of genetic disorders.
Gene therapy: Techniques to correct or replace faulty genes, or modulate gene expression.

Allele: Alternative forms of a gene.
Dominant allele: The allele that expresses its trait even when paired with a recessive allele.
Recessive allele: The allele that expresses its trait only when paired with another identical recessive allele.
Homozygous: Having two identical alleles for a gene.
Heterozygous: Having two different alleles for a gene.
Genotype: The genetic makeup of an organism.
Phenotype: The observable characteristics of an organism.
Gene: A segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein or functional product.
DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that carries genetic information.
RNA: Ribonucleic acid, involved in protein synthesis.
Chromosomes: Structures in the cell nucleus that contain DNA.
Mutation: A change in the DNA sequence.
Genetic linkage: Tendency of certain alleles to be inherited together.
Recombination: New combinations of alleles resulting from crossing-over during meiosis.
Karyotype: A visual representation of an organism's chromosomes.
Locus: The specific location of a gene on a chromosome.
Genome: The complete set of genetic material in an organism.
Epigenetics: The study of heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence.
Gene regulation: The process by which cells control the amount of specific proteins produced based on the needs of the organism.