40 Questions
What is the main concept that underpins Mendel's basic principles of inheritance?
Particulate inheritance
What is the relationship between the genotype and phenotype of a heterozygote in a case of incomplete dominance?
The phenotype is distinct from and often intermediate to the phenotype of either homozygote
What is an example of codominance in humans?
The MN blood group
What is the number of alleles that a diploid individual can carry for a particular gene?
Two
What is the term for a gene that affects multiple phenotypes?
Pleiotropy
What is the reason behind the F1 pink heterozygous phenotype in the snapdragon plant?
Incomplete dominance with a dosage effect
What is the genotype of individuals with normal stature in the context of pseudoachondroplasia?
d/d
What is the characteristic of codominance in a monogenic character?
Both phenotypes manifest separately
What is the expected outcome of an individual with the genotype D/D in the context of pseudoachondroplasia?
Lethal outcome during embryonic development
What is the frequency of the recessive allele in commercial cultivated varieties of pea plants?
100%
What is the function of the LM and LN alleles in the human MN blood group system?
They encode antigens expressed on the surface of red blood cells
What is the genotype of an individual with the MN blood group?
LM LN
What is the probability of an individual being homozygous recessive for a particular gene in a dihybrid cross?
0.25
What is the genotype of an individual that expresses a phenotype resulting from incomplete dominance?
Heterozygous
Which of the following is an example of a dominant trait present at low frequencies in human populations?
Polydactyly
What is the difference between the M and N blood groups?
M has the M-type antigen, while N has the N-type antigen
What type of inheritance pattern does pseudoachondroplasia exhibit?
Autosomal dominant
What is the ratio of the amount of gene product in the CR and CW genotypes in the snapdragon plant?
2:1:1
What is the name of the gene associated with pseudoachondroplasia?
COMP
What is the frequency of people that are recessive homozygotes for the polydactyly trait?
99.75%
What is the probability that Tom and Mary's first child will be affected by the condition, given that both Tom and Mary are carriers (Aa) for the condition?
1/8
What is the term for the phenomenon where the alleles of one gene segregate independently of another gene’s alleles?
Law of Independent Assortment
What is the pattern of inheritance exhibited by brachydactyly, a Mendelian trait described in humans?
Autosomal dominant
What is the term for a gene that, when mutated, causes a single-gene disorder?
Disease-causing gene
What is the name of the geneticist who documented brachydactyly as the first Mendelian trait described in humans?
William Curtis Farabee
What is the reason for the difference in the expression of oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) between individuals of European and African ancestry?
The genetic background of African populations is more conducive to pigment production
What is the genotype of an individual who is a carrier of cystic fibrosis but does not exhibit the disease?
Heterozygous for the CFTR gene
What is the pattern of inheritance of Huntington's disease?
Autosomal dominant
What is the genotype of an individual who can taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC)?
CC or CG
What is the underlying cause of sickle cell anaemia?
A mutation in the human beta globin gene (HBB)
What is the primary mechanism by which the R allele of the pea shape gene (SBE1) influences the seed shape phenotype?
It codes for an enzyme that converts unbranched starch (amylose) to branched starch (amylopectin)
What is the significance of the heterozygous genotype (Rr) in the context of Mendel's pea plant breeding experiments?
It displays the dominant round seed phenotype
What is the relationship between the genotype and phenotype in the context of complete dominance?
The phenotype is determined by the dominant allele, regardless of the genotype
What is the practical application of understanding the genotype–phenotype relationship in the context of genetic counselling?
Predicting the likelihood of a genetic disease in offspring
What is the primary advantage of using the concept of dominance and recessivity in understanding the molecular mechanisms of disease?
It provides a framework for understanding the biochemical basis of disease
What is the role of the starch branching enzyme 1 (Sbe1) in the context of the pea shape gene (SBE1)?
It converts unbranched starch (amylose) to branched starch (amylopectin)
What is the significance of the concept of complete dominance in the context of Mendel's laws?
It is a fundamental principle that underlies the laws of inheritance
What is the primary goal of structure–function studies of proteins in the context of genetics and biotechnology?
To understand the biochemical mechanisms underlying a genetic trait
What is the significance of the R allele in the context of the pea shape gene (SBE1)?
It is responsible for the round seed shape phenotype
What is the primary application of understanding the genotype–phenotype relationship in the context of selective breeding?
Selecting for desirable traits in breeding programs
Explore the principles of Mendelian inheritance and how they relate to complex biological characters. Learn about the relationships between genotype and phenotype, and the exceptions to Mendel's laws.
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