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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
What is the term for different forms of the same gene?
What is the term for different forms of the same gene?
- Phenotype
- Alleles (correct)
- Locus
- Genotype
What did Mendel's experiments with pea plants demonstrate about inheritance?
What did Mendel's experiments with pea plants demonstrate about inheritance?
- There are physical units of inheritance that maintain their identity. (correct)
- Inheritance is determined by the environment only.
- Traits are only passed down through the maternal line.
- Traits blend together in offspring.
Which of the following describes a polygenic trait?
Which of the following describes a polygenic trait?
- A trait determined by a single gene.
- A trait that has a continuous range of variation. (correct)
- A trait that exhibits only two possible phenotypes.
- A trait determined by one gene and that is discrete.
What is the term for a specific combination of alleles?
What is the term for a specific combination of alleles?
Which of the following best describes a locus?
Which of the following best describes a locus?
How many pairs of chromosomes does a typical human cell contain?
How many pairs of chromosomes does a typical human cell contain?
What is the process of cell division specific to germ cells called?
What is the process of cell division specific to germ cells called?
What is the primary function of genes mentioned in this content?
What is the primary function of genes mentioned in this content?
What is the primary function of regulatory genes?
What is the primary function of regulatory genes?
Which of these is not a component of the DNA backbone?
Which of these is not a component of the DNA backbone?
What is the ultimate source of all new genetic variation?
What is the ultimate source of all new genetic variation?
What does gel electrophoresis primarily detect?
What does gel electrophoresis primarily detect?
What did scientists initially believe about most mutations in a species?
What did scientists initially believe about most mutations in a species?
What does the high polymorphism in protein-producing loci suggest?
What does the high polymorphism in protein-producing loci suggest?
Which of the following is a potential consequence of neutral mutations?
Which of the following is a potential consequence of neutral mutations?
What farming techniques are associated with cassava and yam cultivation?
What farming techniques are associated with cassava and yam cultivation?
A person with the AA genotype for hemoglobin will express:
A person with the AA genotype for hemoglobin will express:
What role does Plasmodium falciparum play in the etiology of sickle cell anemia?
What role does Plasmodium falciparum play in the etiology of sickle cell anemia?
In which part of the human does Plasmodium falciparum reproduce?
In which part of the human does Plasmodium falciparum reproduce?
What is the primary geographical region associated with sickle cell anemia?
What is the primary geographical region associated with sickle cell anemia?
What is the effect of low oxygen pressure on Hemoglobin in individuals with sickle cell anemia?
What is the effect of low oxygen pressure on Hemoglobin in individuals with sickle cell anemia?
Which genetic concept best describes the relationship between the A and s alleles at a locus?
Which genetic concept best describes the relationship between the A and s alleles at a locus?
What is characteristic of a disruptive selection pattern?
What is characteristic of a disruptive selection pattern?
What is the primary effect of gene flow on the genetic makeup of breeding populations?
What is the primary effect of gene flow on the genetic makeup of breeding populations?
Which condition is necessary for natural selection to occur?
Which condition is necessary for natural selection to occur?
In the context of the medium ground finches studied by the Grants, what was the key factor leading to increased beak size in the 1977 drought?
In the context of the medium ground finches studied by the Grants, what was the key factor leading to increased beak size in the 1977 drought?
What does it mean when a trait is described as polygenic?
What does it mean when a trait is described as polygenic?
How did the frequency of the black peppered moth change in England during the Industrial Revolution?
How did the frequency of the black peppered moth change in England during the Industrial Revolution?
What is a key characteristic of stabilizing selection?
What is a key characteristic of stabilizing selection?
In the context of sickle cell anemia, what does balanced polymorphism mean?
In the context of sickle cell anemia, what does balanced polymorphism mean?
How did the shift from hunter-gatherer lifestyles to sedentary horticulture contribute to the spread of malaria and the S allele?
How did the shift from hunter-gatherer lifestyles to sedentary horticulture contribute to the spread of malaria and the S allele?
What effect did the shift in rainfall patterns have on the average body size of the medium ground finch after the drought of 1977, according to the study?
What effect did the shift in rainfall patterns have on the average body size of the medium ground finch after the drought of 1977, according to the study?
How does directional selection affect the distribution of a polygenic trait?
How does directional selection affect the distribution of a polygenic trait?
What is a defining characteristic of a monogenic trait?
What is a defining characteristic of a monogenic trait?
What was the impact of the Clean Air Act on the peppered moth population?
What was the impact of the Clean Air Act on the peppered moth population?
What is the defining feature of a virgin population in the context of a virus?
What is the defining feature of a virgin population in the context of a virus?
What is the relationship between seed size and plant location described in the text?
What is the relationship between seed size and plant location described in the text?
What can be inferred about the virulence of a virus when rabbits possessing neutral mutations are more likely to survive?
What can be inferred about the virulence of a virus when rabbits possessing neutral mutations are more likely to survive?
Questions and Answers
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Flashcards
Flashcards
Blending theory of inheritance
Blending theory of inheritance
The idea that offspring inherit traits from both parents, without traits blending together.
Genes
Genes
Physical units of inheritance that determine traits, passed from parents to offspring.
Allele
Allele
A version of a gene, responsible for different variations of a trait.
Homozygote
Homozygote
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Heterozygote
Heterozygote
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Genotype
Genotype
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Phenotype
Phenotype
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Monogenic Trait
Monogenic Trait
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Codon
Codon
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Mutation
Mutation
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Neutral Mutation
Neutral Mutation
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Evolution
Evolution
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Ultimate Source of Genetic Variation
Ultimate Source of Genetic Variation
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Deleterious Mutation
Deleterious Mutation
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Meiosis
Meiosis
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Forces of Evolution
Forces of Evolution
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Malaria
Malaria
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Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA)
Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA)
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Codominance
Codominance
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Disruptive Selection
Disruptive Selection
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Sickle Cell Trait
Sickle Cell Trait
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Point Mutation
Point Mutation
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Adaptation
Adaptation
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Gene flow
Gene flow
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Natural selection
Natural selection
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Stabilizing selection
Stabilizing selection
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Directional selection
Directional selection
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Monogenic trait (discrete phenotype)
Monogenic trait (discrete phenotype)
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Balanced polymorphism
Balanced polymorphism
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Polygenic trait (continuous phenotype)
Polygenic trait (continuous phenotype)
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Virgin population
Virgin population
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Resistant population
Resistant population
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Viral attenuation
Viral attenuation
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Flashcards
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Mendelian Genetics
- Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) experimented with pea plants, observing discrete traits that didn't blend.
- Mendel's experiments used 28,000 plants and 400,000 seeds.
- Inheritance involves physical units of inheritance (genes) that are passed from parents to offspring without blending.
Inheritance Patterns
- Dominance/Recessiveness (Codominance): Different forms of a gene (alleles) exist.
- Locus: Physical location of genes on a chromosome.
- Alleles: Different versions of the same gene.
- Homozygous: Two identical alleles.
- Heterozygous: Two different alleles.
- Genotype: Specific combination of alleles.
- Phenotype: Observable traits resulting from the genotype.
- Monogenic traits: Determined by one gene (discrete).
- Polygenic traits: Determined by multiple genes (continuous).
- Polymorphism: Existence of two or more alleles at a locus leading to multiple genotypes.
Chromosomes and DNA
- Chromosomes are containers of DNA.
- Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total).
- Each chromosome contains one DNA molecule.
DNA Structure
- DNA is a double helix with a sugar-phosphate backbone and base pairs (adenine-thymine, guanine-cytosine).
Genes
- Humans have approximately 21,000 genes.
- Genes produce proteins, essential for life processes.
- Some DNA, initially called "junk DNA," now understood to regulate genes. Non-coding RNA is found in this non-protein-coding region.
- Epigenetics describes changes in DNA structure without altering the underlying base sequence. Changes such as methylation and response to environmental stressors can impact gene expression.
- Exons (coding regions) and introns (non-coding regions) are parts of a gene.
- Multiple operating genes exist in organisms; they can be combined in numerous ways.
Meiosis and Mitosis
- Meiosis is a type of cell division in germ cells (sperm and egg).
- Mitosis occurs in all other cells.
- Meiosis creates gametes (egg and sperm) that carry half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Evolution and Variation
- Ultimate source of new genetic variation is alteration in DNA bases.
- Mutations are random and rare.
- Natural selection favors the survival and reproduction of individuals with beneficial traits.
- Gene flow involves the movement of individuals and alleles between populations.
- Drift, (random change in allele frequencies) is important part of evolutionary force when populations are small.
Directional Selection
- Individuals best adapted to environmental pressures are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on their genes.
- Traits (e.g., beak size) can vary considerably within a species.
Monogenic and polygenic traits
- Monogenic: controlled by a single gene.
- Polygenic: controlled by multiple genes.
- Stablizing selection: the average values for a trait result in better adaptation.
Balanced Polymorphism
- The frequency of both alleles (versions of a gene) remains relatively constant over time due to advantageous heterozygotes.
- Examples include the sickle cell allele in malaria-prone regions.
Population Genes and Evolution
- Microevolution: observable changes in allele frequencies within a population over time.
- Macroevolution: large-scale changes in species over vast periods, not typically observable.
- Hardy-Weinberg principle: describes allele and genotype frequencies within a population if no outside forces affect them.
- Breeding populations are the primary units of evolution.
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