Podcast
Questions and Answers
In Mendel's experiments, what was the phenotypic ratio observed in the F2 generation when crossing two heterozygous parents?
In Mendel's experiments, what was the phenotypic ratio observed in the F2 generation when crossing two heterozygous parents?
Mendel's Law of Equal Segregation states that alleles for a trait do not separate during gamete formation.
Mendel's Law of Equal Segregation states that alleles for a trait do not separate during gamete formation.
False (B)
According to Mendel's model, how many genetic determinants does each adult pea plant have controlling a phenotype?
According to Mendel's model, how many genetic determinants does each adult pea plant have controlling a phenotype?
two
Mendel proposed that hereditary determinants behave like ________.
Mendel proposed that hereditary determinants behave like ________.
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Match the following terms with their correct description.
Match the following terms with their correct description.
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What does the term 'dominant' refer to in Mendel's experiments?
What does the term 'dominant' refer to in Mendel's experiments?
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Gametes have two determinants for each character, like adult pea plants.
Gametes have two determinants for each character, like adult pea plants.
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What is the product of a gene?
What is the product of a gene?
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What is the phenotypic ratio of the F2 generation when two heterozygous parents (Pp x Pp) self-pollinate?
What is the phenotypic ratio of the F2 generation when two heterozygous parents (Pp x Pp) self-pollinate?
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The F1 heterozygote produces gametes that are either ½ P or ½ pp.
The F1 heterozygote produces gametes that are either ½ P or ½ pp.
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What is the genotypic ratio of the F2 progeny of a monohybrid cross?
What is the genotypic ratio of the F2 progeny of a monohybrid cross?
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In a Punnett square involving alleles P and p, the genotype ____ represents a homozygous recessive condition.
In a Punnett square involving alleles P and p, the genotype ____ represents a homozygous recessive condition.
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Which of the following characteristics make Pisum sativum an excellent model organism for genetic studies?
Which of the following characteristics make Pisum sativum an excellent model organism for genetic studies?
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Mendel's experiments involved reciprocal crosses to determine if the flower color trait was sex-linked.
Mendel's experiments involved reciprocal crosses to determine if the flower color trait was sex-linked.
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What were the two possible phenotypes studied by Mendel for each characteristic in his experiments?
What were the two possible phenotypes studied by Mendel for each characteristic in his experiments?
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Mendel categorized flower color in peas as __________. (Use 'dominant' or 'recessive')
Mendel categorized flower color in peas as __________. (Use 'dominant' or 'recessive')
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Match the following traits with their corresponding phenotypes:
Match the following traits with their corresponding phenotypes:
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What pairs with Adenine (A) in DNA?
What pairs with Adenine (A) in DNA?
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DNA is a type of protein.
DNA is a type of protein.
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What are the two types of nucleic acids in the central dogma of molecular biology?
What are the two types of nucleic acids in the central dogma of molecular biology?
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In a haploid cell, there is _______ set of chromosomes.
In a haploid cell, there is _______ set of chromosomes.
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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Which of the following best defines genetics?
Which of the following best defines genetics?
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Guanine pairs with Thymine in DNA structure.
Guanine pairs with Thymine in DNA structure.
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What is the structure of DNA that consists of two linear polymer strands?
What is the structure of DNA that consists of two linear polymer strands?
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In Mendel's F2 generation, what was the phenotypic ratio of purple to white flowered offspring?
In Mendel's F2 generation, what was the phenotypic ratio of purple to white flowered offspring?
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The white flower trait is dominant in Mendel's experiments.
The white flower trait is dominant in Mendel's experiments.
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What generation is referred to as 'F1' in Mendel's breeding experiments?
What generation is referred to as 'F1' in Mendel's breeding experiments?
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In Mendel's breeding experiment, the purple flower trait is considered ________.
In Mendel's breeding experiment, the purple flower trait is considered ________.
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Match the following components of Mendel's experiment with their descriptions:
Match the following components of Mendel's experiment with their descriptions:
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What is one role of the teaching assistants in the Genetics course?
What is one role of the teaching assistants in the Genetics course?
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Students are encouraged to form study groups to enhance their understanding of the material.
Students are encouraged to form study groups to enhance their understanding of the material.
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Which method is mentioned for interacting with the instructor remotely?
Which method is mentioned for interacting with the instructor remotely?
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The approach to problem solving taught in this course is to break down problems into __________ parts.
The approach to problem solving taught in this course is to break down problems into __________ parts.
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Match the following genetic breakthroughs with their associated diseases:
Match the following genetic breakthroughs with their associated diseases:
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What is a suggested action for students needing assistance in the Genetics course?
What is a suggested action for students needing assistance in the Genetics course?
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The instructor also holds office hours on Fridays.
The instructor also holds office hours on Fridays.
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What does the Genetics course aim to help students understand regarding the topics?
What does the Genetics course aim to help students understand regarding the topics?
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course name: Genetics Biology 202
- Semester: Spring 2025
- Instructor: Dr. Nancy Fujishige
- Office hours: Featherston Life Sciences Building 287, Mondays and Wednesdays 2:00-3:00 PM, or by appointment
- Zoom: By appointment only, https://lmula.zoom.us/j/796201568
- Email: [email protected]
- Materials: Slides and handouts are available online.
Introduction Assignment
- Students are asked to introduce themselves on Brightspace.
- Information includes: Preferred name, specific aspects of Genetics to study, relevant work experience, career plans, an interesting fact about themselves, and an optional picture.
Teaching Assistant (TA) Office Hours
- TAs: Hannah Kotek and Ashley Lee
- Days: Monday - Thursday
- Time: 6:00 PM - 8:00 PM
Class Strategy
- Problem solving: Breaking down problems into smaller parts
- Textbook readings and exercises
- Forming study groups
- Staying current with topics – progressively building upon prior knowledge
- Attending office hours if needed
Genetics in the News
- Highlights recent publications and articles in the field of genomics.
- Includes examples like FDA approval of a CRISPR treatment for sickle cell disease, Canada approving Pfizer's gene therapy for hemophilia, analysis of Gregor Mendel's DNA, and news about a 23andMe data breach case, as well as a story about DNA identification in a cold case. A variety of different aspects of the field are reviewed.
Today's Lecture
- Quick review of molecular biology
- What is genetics?
- Brief history of genetics
- Mendelian analysis (Mendel's experiments and laws)
Review - Familiar Concepts
- DNA structure and function
- Central dogma of molecular biology
Remember DNA Basics
- DNA is the genetic material of life
- 2 linear polymers of deoxyribonucleotide
- Each deoxyribonucleotide consists of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
- The two polymers are antiparallel (5' to 3' and 3' to 5')
- Held together by hydrogen bonds (Adenine pairs with Thymine, Guanine pairs with Cytosine).
The Organization of DNA in a Cell
- Genome: the complete set of genetic material in a set of chromosomes
- Haploid (1n) and diploid (2n) – number of sets of chromosomes
- Chromosome: self-replicating structures that contain the DNA sequence of genes
- Gene: sequence of nucleotides located in a particular position on a chromosome encoding RNA or protein.
Central Dogma - In Action
- The central dogma summarizes how DNA is transcribed into RNA, and RNA is translated into proteins. This step is shown visually.
What is Genetics?
- Branch of biology focusing on heredity and variation.
- Explores the relationship between genes and traits.
- Explains life at the molecular, organ, and population levels.
- Explains biological phenomena (e.g., inheritance of traits, familial diseases, species extinction.)
Genetics Seeks to Explain
- What determines characteristics passed from one generation to the next?
- How are characteristics passed on?
- What are the rules governing trait transmission?
Next: A Brief History of Genetics
- Early hypotheses: homunculus, blending, Darwin's gemmules
- Mendel and his experiments
- Background
- Experiments with peas
- Reciprocal crosses
- Mendel's theory and Laws
History of Genetics
- For many millennia, people recognize familial resemblance, diseases running in families.
Homunculus
- Ancient belief that offspring are preformed inside sperm (or egg)
Blending Hypothesis
- Children are intermediate blend of parental traits.
Gemmules
- Darwin's theory of small particles inheriting from all parent organs.
Kolreuter
- 1840 realized parental traits can reappear after one generation.
Gregor Mendel
- Father of genetics
- Austrian monk
- 1822-1884
Mendel's Background
- Studied physics, math, and botany.
- Hybridization was a concern of his monastery and interested him.
- Focused on determining how genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next.
He Brought Scientific Methods to the Study of Heredity
- Standardized methods inspired by physics: limiting variables, counting progeny, generating and testing models.
- Organized, verified and repeated experiments.
- Selected simple model systems for experiments.
- Measured/considered data across multiple generations.
Mendel Studied the Garden Pea
- Established breeding methods before Mendel.
- Traits: easily observable (ex. flower color, seed shape)
- Self or cross-pollination methods.
Peas Can Be Self or Cross-Fertilized
- Self-fertilization: pollen fertilizes ovules.
- Cross-fertilization: pollen from one plant fertilizes ovule of second plant
Mendel and blending & Gemmules
- Used self-pollination and cross fertilization
- Noticed traits could disappear and then reappear
Mendel's Characteristics of Hybrids
- Uniformity of phenotype
- Tendency to revert to parental phenotypes.
Mendel's Experimental Design
- Chose an excellent model system: Pisum sativum.
- Used "pure" or "true-breeding" lines.
- Studied several traits.
- Reciprocal crosses
- Followed progeny to F3 generation
Mendel's Breeding Experiment
- Results of monohybrid crosses (heterozygotes) of traits, dominant and recessive traits, ratios of phenotypes.
Conclusion from a Monohybrid Cross
- Phenotype ratios: purple and white in the F2 generation.
- Genotype ratios: PP, Pp, and pp
Molecular Basis for Appearance / Traits Encoded By Genes
- Heritable factors are genes.
- Genes are DNA segments that encode gene products (e.g. protein, tRNA, rRNA).
- Allele: different forms of the same gene.
- Example: flower color – dominant or recessive alleles – for the trait.
Schematically: Allele/Gene/Genotype/Phenotype
- Allele: Different variations of a form within a gene (dominant or recessive)
- Dominant vs. Recessive alleles : Dominant trait is expressed over recessive trait
- Genotype: The allele pair for a gene within an organism
- Phenotype: The observable traits or characteristics expressed/visible due to presence and combination of alleles.
A link between Genotype and Phenotype
- Genotype linked with phenotype
- Phenotype visible traits
Let's go through the cross using this nomenclature.
- Explains how parents can be homozygous or heterozygous & related to traits, especially showing how recessive & dominant traits are apparent in later generations.
What Happens when a heterozygote Self-Pollinates
- Results of a monohybrid cross (Pp x Pp)
- Punnett Square results (determining genotypes and phenotypes.)
- Phenotype and genotypic ratios (ex. 3:1)
Conclusions from the Monohybrid Cross
- Monohybrid cross (Pp x Pp)
- Phenotypes and genotype ratios (ex. three purple for every white flower trait)
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Description
Test your knowledge on Mendel's experiments and his principles of inheritance. This quiz covers topics such as phenotypic ratios, genetic determinants, and definitions related to dominant traits. Perfect for students studying genetics!
