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Questions and Answers
What happens to a protein after it has been synthesized?
What happens to a protein after it has been synthesized?
What is a dominant allele?
What is a dominant allele?
What does the Law of Segregation state?
What does the Law of Segregation state?
Who is known as the father of modern genetics?
Who is known as the father of modern genetics?
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What is the relationship between genotype and phenotype?
What is the relationship between genotype and phenotype?
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How did Mendel's approach to genetics differ from that of his contemporaries?
How did Mendel's approach to genetics differ from that of his contemporaries?
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What occurs to proteins that are not used in the cell immediately after synthesis?
What occurs to proteins that are not used in the cell immediately after synthesis?
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What did Mendel’s experiments with peas reveal about traits?
What did Mendel’s experiments with peas reveal about traits?
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What defines a recessive allele in genetics?
What defines a recessive allele in genetics?
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Study Notes
Phenotype Ratios
- F2 phenotype ratio is 9:3:3:1, representing dominant and recessive traits.
- Dominant traits: 9 show both dominant features, 3 show one dominant and one recessive, 1 shows both recessive features.
Linkage of Genes
- Linked genes are situated on the same chromosome and inherited together.
- Independent assortment occurs when genes are on separate chromosomes.
- Example with fruit flies: long wings (dominant) and wide abdomen (dominant) crossed with vestigial wings (recessive) and narrow abdomen (recessive) shows that linked genes do not assort independently.
- Crossing over during meiosis can lead to non-parental phenotypes.
F2 Crosses of Fruit Flies
- F1 individuals exhibit long wings and wide abdomens from parental crosses.
- F2 offspring yield a ratio of 3 long wings and wide abdomens to 1 vestigial wings and narrow abdomens.
Sex Linkage
- Genes on X or Y chromosomes are sex-linked, with X being more substantial for genetic characteristics.
- Sex-linked genes influence traits differently between males and females due to chromosome composition.
Genetic Engineering Techniques
- Involves using plasmids as cloning vectors; the insulin gene is inserted into bacteria.
- Ligation: DNA ligase joins foreign DNA with plasmid.
- Transformation: Recombinant DNA is introduced into bacteria.
- Expression: Bacteria multiply, cloning genetically identical cells.
Applications of Genetic Engineering
- Plants: Herbicide-resistant crops created by integrating bacterial genes.
- Animals: Sheep engineered to produce proteins for medical treatments in their milk.
- Microorganisms: Bacteria produce human insulin to avoid allergic reactions to animal insulin.
Genetic Principles
- Gregor Mendel, founder of modern genetics, studied pea plants and established key genetic principles.
- Concepts include dominance (stronger trait expressed), recessiveness (trait masked), and gene alleles (options for a characteristic).
Law of Segregation
- Each characteristic governed by a gene pair, which segregate during gamete formation.
- Each gamete receives one factor from each pair.
- Phenotype: Observable traits influenced by genotype and environment.
- Genotype: Genetic composition of an organism.
Transcription Process
- Enzyme DNA helicase unwinds DNA, enabling mRNA synthesis.
- mRNA utilizes uracil instead of thymine.
Movement of mRNA
- mRNA exits the nucleus into the cytoplasm via nuclear pores.
- Ribosomes formed from rRNA and proteins synthesize proteins using mRNA.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
- tRNA carries specific amino acids to ribosomes based on anticodon-codon recognition.
- Anticodons on tRNA are complementary to mRNA codons, guiding amino acid sequence assembly.
Translation Process
- Ribosome assembles proteins by matching mRNA codons with tRNA anticodons.
- Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.
- Completion of protein synthesis occurs when ribosome encounters a stop codon.
Protein Distribution
- Proteins are used within the cell or packaged for external functions.
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Description
Test your knowledge on Mendelian genetics with this quiz focusing on phenotype ratios in F2 generations. Understand the concepts of dominant and recessive traits, and explore the implications of gene linkage versus independent assortment. Perfect for students studying genetics!
