Mendelian Genetics Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is represented by the P generation in Mendelian genetics?

  • The first generation of offspring
  • The second generation of plants
  • Purebred offspring
  • Parent plants with specific genotypes (correct)

What is the genotype of all plants in the F1 generation from a TT x tt cross?

  • Tt and TT
  • TT
  • Tt (correct)
  • tt

What is the expected phenotypic ratio of tall to short plants in the F2 generation from a Tt x Tt cross?

  • 2:2
  • 9:1
  • 1:1
  • 3:1 (correct)

Which of the following represents the genotype of the short plants in the F2 generation?

<p>tt (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many tall plants would you expect if you cross Tt x Tt?

<p>3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the theoretical ratio of plants producing round to wrinkled seeds?

<p>3 round : 1 wrinkled (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the possible genotypes resulting from a monohybrid cross of round seeds?

<p>RR, Rr, and rr (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Mendel’s observed ratio of plants producing round to wrinkled seeds?

<p>2.96:1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the phenotypic ratio of round to wrinkled seeds in this monohybrid cross?

<p>3:1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a reason for the discrepancy between the observed and theoretical ratios?

<p>Statistical error (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does sample size affect the results of ratios in experiments?

<p>Larger samples approximate theoretical ratios more closely (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of this monohybrid cross, what does 'R' represent?

<p>Round seeds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected outcome when comparing the results of a larger sample size to a smaller sample?

<p>Larger samples produce less variability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the genotype of offspring that results in wrinkled seeds from this cross?

<p>rr (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many different genotypes can be produced from this monohybrid cross?

<p>3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the F1 generation represent in a breeding experiment?

<p>The first-generation offspring (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'P1 generation' refer to?

<p>The parental generation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which generation is produced by breeding individuals from the F1 generation?

<p>F2 generation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which generation typically follows the F1 generation in a breeding experiment?

<p>F2 generation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The second-generation offspring in a breeding experiment are known as what?

<p>F2 generation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the phenotypic ratio of a heterozygous x heterozygous monohybrid cross?

<p>3:1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many types of genotypes are produced in a heterozygous x heterozygous monohybrid cross?

<p>Three (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of offspring are expected to be homozygous recessive (rr) in a heterozygous x heterozygous cross?

<p>25% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a heterozygous x heterozygous monohybrid cross, what is the expected frequency of heterozygous (Rr) offspring?

<p>50% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genotypic ratio corresponds to a heterozygous x heterozygous cross?

<p>1:2:1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes the peas shown in the image?

<p>Some peas are smooth and others are wrinkled. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the presentation slide's content?

<p>It illustrates a pea pod split open with different textures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT depicted in the image of the pea characteristics?

<p>A closed pea pod. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about the peas based on the description provided?

<p>Wrinkled peas are a result of genetic variation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the peas in the image?

<p>Smooth and wrinkled peas appear together in the same pod. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the genotype of the offspring produced from a Round seeds and Wrinkled seeds cross?

<p>Rr (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenotypic ratio is expected from the monohybrid cross of Round seeds and Wrinkled seeds?

<p>All Round (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the seed shape trait, which allele represents the dominant trait?

<p>R (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the Punnett square results of the cross is true?

<p>All offspring have the same genotype. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the results of this monohybrid cross be summarized in terms of genotypic and phenotypic ratios?

<p>Genotypic ratio is all alike, phenotypic ratio is all alike (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What genotype is represented by the offspring with wrinkled seeds in this cross?

<p>rr (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the phenotypic ratio obtained from the monohybrid cross?

<p>All offspring exhibit the same phenotype. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the genotypic ratio that results from this monohybrid cross?

<p>1:1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cross results in all offspring being heterozygous?

<p>Homozygous dominant x Homozygous recessive (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a plant with a genotype of Rr is crossed with another Rr plant, what percentage of the offspring will likely display the round seed phenotype?

<p>75% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ratios are observed in the offspring from a homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive cross?

<p>All are heterozygous for both genotypic and phenotypic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which allele combination results in round seeds in this monohybrid cross?

<p>RR or Rr (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a monohybrid cross of homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive parents, what is the expected genotype of the offspring?

<p>Heterozygous (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the offspring of a homozygous dominant x homozygous recessive cross?

<p>They will all express the dominant trait (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the genotypic and phenotypic ratios in a homozygous dominant x homozygous recessive cross?

<p>They are both entirely heterozygous (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a test cross in Mendelian genetics?

<p>Crossing a homozygous individual with a hybrid individual. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a possible test cross?

<p>Heterozygous x Homozygous dominant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of test cross would determine if a dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous?

<p>Homozygous dominant x Hybrid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is a test cross important in genetics?

<p>It identifies the genotype of an organism with a dominant phenotype. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a test cross involving a heterozygous individual, what phenotypes could potentially be produced by crossing with a homozygous recessive individual?

<p>Both dominant and recessive phenotype offspring. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

P1 Generation

The original parents used in a breeding experiment.

F1 Generation

The first generation of offspring produced from the parental generation.

F2 Generation

The second generation of offspring produced from breeding individuals from the F1 generation.

Filial Generation

The offspring produced from breeding individuals of the same generation.

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Breeding Experiment

Involves the study of inheritance patterns across multiple generations.

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Theoretical Ratio

The expected ratio of traits in offspring based on the parent's genes, as determined by Mendelian laws.

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Observed Ratio

The ratio of observed traits in offspring from an actual experiment.

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Expected Ratio (Mendel's Experiment)

The predicted ratio of round seeds to wrinkled in Mendel's pea plants.

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Observed Ratio (Mendel's Experiment)

The actual ratio of round to wrinkled seeds observed by Mendel in his pea plants.

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Statistical Error

The difference between the expected and observed ratio, often caused by chance variations in small sample sizes.

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Phenotypic Ratio

The ratio of the number of plants with one phenotype to the number of plants with a different phenotype. For example, in the F2 generation, the ratio of tall plants to short plants is 3:1.

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Hybrid Cross

A type of cross where two individuals with different traits are crossed, resulting in offspring with a combination of the parental traits.

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Gene

A factor that determines a specific trait in an organism.

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Allele

An alternative form of a gene, responsible for variations in a trait.

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Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism, represented by the combination of alleles.

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Phenotype

The observable characteristics of an organism, determined by its genotype.

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Monohybrid Cross

A cross involving only one trait.

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Heterozygous x Heterozygous Cross

A cross involving two parents, each carrying one dominant allele (R) and one recessive allele (r) for a specific trait.

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Homozygous

An individual with two identical alleles for a specific trait.

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Heterozygous

An individual with two different alleles for a specific trait.

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Trait

A characteristic that can vary among individuals, like seed shape in peas.

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Punnett Square

A diagram that predicts the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring.

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Pea Shape

The observed shape of the peas in the image.

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Homozygous Dominant Cross

A cross between two individuals with the same dominant allele, resulting in offspring with only one possible phenotype.

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Homozygous dominant x Homozygous recessive

A type of cross where both parents are homozygous, one dominant and the other recessive.

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Offspring all Heterozygous

All offspring from a cross between homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive parents will have one dominant and one recessive allele.

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Genotypic & Phenotypic ratio is ALL ALIKE

In a monohybrid cross with homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive parents, the genotypic ratio will be 1:0:1 (all heterozygous), and the phenotypic ratio will be 1:0:1 (all showing the dominant trait).

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Hybrids

Offspring produced from a monohybrid cross have a mix of the dominant and recessive alleles, resulting in a specific genotype and phenotype.

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What is a test cross? (Definition)

A cross between an individual with a dominant phenotype (but unknown genotype) and a homozygous recessive individual.

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What is a test cross? (Purpose)

A test cross is used to determine the genotype of an organism exhibiting a dominant phenotype. This is achieved by crossing the individual with a homozygous recessive individual. The resulting offspring's phenotypes reveal the unknown genotype.

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Homozygous Recessive

Recessive allele carriers are known as homozygous recessive individuals. These individuals are characterized by having two copies of the recessive allele for a specific trait.

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Test Cross Results

The offspring resulting from a test cross can reveal the genotype of the individual with the dominant phenotype. If all offspring display the dominant phenotype, the individual is homozygous dominant. If half exhibit the dominant phenotype and half exhibit the recessive phenotype, the individual is heterozygous.

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Importance of Test Crosses

Test crosses are crucial in genetics for determining the genotype of individuals with dominant phenotypes. They allow researchers to identify whether an individual carrying a dominant trait is homozygous dominant or heterozygous. This knowledge is valuable for understanding inheritance patterns and predicting offspring phenotypes.

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Study Notes

Defining Generations

  • Parental (P1) generation: The original generation in a breeding experiment.
  • First filial (F1) generation: The first generation of offspring from the P1 generation.
  • Second filial (F2) generation: The second generation of offspring from the F1 generation.

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