Bio E Review

Questions and Answers

What occurs during Prophase I of Meiosis?

Sister chromatids separate

DNA condenses into chromosomes (correct)

Homologous chromosomes line up

Tetrads form

During which stage do homologous chromosomes line up at the plate?

Anaphase I

Telophase I

Prophase I

Metaphase I (correct)

What happens in Anaphase I?

Homologous chromosomes are separated (correct)

Sister chromatids separate

DNA duplicates

Chromosomes condense

What occurs at the end of Telophase I and Cytokinesis?

Forms two haploid cells Signup and view all the answers

What happens during Prophase II?

Chromosomes prepare for separation Signup and view all the answers

Which phase corresponds to the separation of sister chromatids?

Anaphase II Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in Telophase II?

Cytoplasm divides, forming haploid cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the Rhesus factor?

A protein on the surface of red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

How can the Rhesus factor be present?

It can be present (+) or absent (-) Signup and view all the answers

What causes erythroblastosis fetalis?

Maternal anti-Rh antibodies attack fetal erythrocytes Signup and view all the answers

What conditions are required for erythroblastosis fetalis to occur?

Rh- mother with prior Rh+ child Signup and view all the answers

What happens when an Rh- mother has an Rh+ child?

She produces anti-Rh antibodies after exposure Signup and view all the answers

What is the antibody response in an Rh+ mother with an Rh- baby?

She does not produce anti-Rh antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome for an Rh- mother with an Rh- baby?

No antibodies are produced against Rh antigens Signup and view all the answers

When can erythroblastosis fetalis occur?

After two pregnancies with Rh+ children Signup and view all the answers

What is the key takeaway about Rh- mothers?

They risk erythroblastosis fetalis with two Rh+ children Signup and view all the answers

Which kingdom includes organisms like tigers and ants?

Animalia Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of Rotifera?

Microscopic and aquatic zooplankton Signup and view all the answers

Which organisms belong to the kingdom Fungi?

Yeasts, mushrooms, and Penicillin mold Signup and view all the answers

What type of organisms are included in Plantae?

Shrubs, flowers, and algae Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a group within Protista?

Diatoms and slime molds Signup and view all the answers

What type of extremophiles do Archaea include?

Methanogens, thermophiles, and halophiles Signup and view all the answers

Which example belongs to the kingdom Bacteria?

E.coli Signup and view all the answers

What mnemonic can help remember the phyla of Animalia?

Privileged Children Play Nicely Rapidly And Maturely, Arthur Ensures Cooperation Signup and view all the answers

Which phylum is represented by 'Children' in the mnemonic?

Cnidaria Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Maturely' refer to in the Animalia mnemonic?

Mollusca Signup and view all the answers

Which phylum corresponds to 'Ensures' in the mnemonic?

Echinodermata Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the muscle contraction process?

Release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum Signup and view all the answers

What role does troponin play in muscle contraction?

Troponin binds calcium and moves tropomyosin Signup and view all the answers

What happens to tropomyosin during muscle contraction?

It moves away from myosin-binding sites on actin Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes the troponin-calcium complex?

Calcium bound to troponin protein Signup and view all the answers

How are actin and myosin primarily regulated?

By troponin and tropomyosin Signup and view all the answers

What occurs if calcium does not bind to troponin?

Actin and myosin cannot interact Signup and view all the answers

What is the neuromuscular junction?

Where a motor neuron meets a muscle fiber Signup and view all the answers

How does the neuromuscular junction contribute to muscle contraction?

It triggers calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum Signup and view all the answers

Which protein covers the myosin-binding sites on actin at rest?

Tropomyosin Signup and view all the answers

What results from the exposure of myosin-binding sites?

Myosin binds to actin, leading to power stroke Signup and view all the answers

What is the key takeaway about muscle contraction?

Calcium release leads to myosin-binding site exposure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)?

Reabsorption of water, ions, and nutrients Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)?

Selective reabsorption and secretion of ions Signup and view all the answers

Where does the final reabsorption of water occur in the nephron?

Collecting Duct Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the Ascending Limb of the Loop of Henle?

It is impermeable to water Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Bowman's Capsule?

Encloses the glomerulus and initiates filtration Signup and view all the answers

How is blood filtered at the renal corpuscle?

Through hydrostatic pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Bowman's Capsule?

Filtration of blood plasma and small molecules Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the filtrate?

Proteins Signup and view all the answers

Where does the majority of reabsorption occur in the nephron?

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) Signup and view all the answers

What type of substances are typically removed during reabsorption?

Substances the body needs from the filtrate Signup and view all the answers

What is the zygote?

A single fertilized cell Signup and view all the answers

In which embryonic stage does the morula occur?

16-cell stage Signup and view all the answers

Which layer is NOT part of the inner cell mass?

Trophoblast Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the gastrula stage?

The final stage in early embryonic development Signup and view all the answers

Which limb of the Loop of Henle is involved in reabsorption?

Ascending limb Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'reabsorption' refer to in renal physiology?

Removing substances needed by the body from filtrate Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stage of embryogenesis in mammals?

Zygote Signup and view all the answers

At what stage does the embryo become a solid ball of cells?

Morula Stage Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the blastula stage?

Formation of a hollow structure Signup and view all the answers

Which stage follows the morula in embryogenesis?

Blastula Stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the inner cell mass during gastrulation?

It differentiates into three germ layers Signup and view all the answers

What are epiblast and hypoblast?

Two layers of the inner cell mass Signup and view all the answers

What is a blastomere?

An individual cell from cleavage divisions Signup and view all the answers

What results from the cleavage divisions of the embryo?

Formation of the blastocyst Signup and view all the answers

At which stage does the embryo consist of about 16 cells?

Morula Stage Signup and view all the answers

During which stage does cell differentiation primarily occur?

Gastrula Stage Signup and view all the answers

What function do one-way valves serve in the lymphatic system?

Prevent backflow of lymph fluid towards the circulatory system Signup and view all the answers

How does the lymphatic system aid in fluid drainage?

It returns escaped fluid from blood vessels to circulation Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism aids in the propulsion of lymph through its vessels?

Contraction of adjacent skeletal muscles and smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

What types of cells does the lymphatic system produce for immune defense?

B and T cells Signup and view all the answers

Where do B cells mature in the lymphatic system?

In the bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

What are lacteals primarily responsible for?

Absorbing dietary fats from the digestive system Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the small intestine contains lacteals?

Villi Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary role of the lymphatic system?

Collect interstitial fluid and return it to circulation Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the immune functions of the lymphatic system?

Supporting the production and maturation of lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

What are blastomeres?

Individual cells formed during early embryonic development Signup and view all the answers

At which stage does an embryo become a morula?

When it reaches the 16 to 32-cell stage Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the blastula stage of embryogenesis?

Formation of a blastocoel, a hollow cavity Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the gastrula stage?

Invagination of the epiblast into the primitive streak Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the taxonomic hierarchy?

To classify organisms from broad to specific levels Signup and view all the answers

Which classification levels are most closely related?

Family and Genus Signup and view all the answers

Which mnemonic helps remember the taxonomic levels?

Dear King Philip Come Over For Good Soup Signup and view all the answers

The family Felidae includes which of the following genera?

Panthera and Felis Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Kingdom and Phylum in taxonomy?

Kingdom encompasses diverse organisms, phylum is more specific Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of meiosis?

Four haploid daughter cells (gametes) Signup and view all the answers

Which phases are included in Meiosis I?

Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I Signup and view all the answers

During which stage do homologous chromosomes pair up?

Prophase I Signup and view all the answers

What happens during crossing over?

Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

What aligns along the metaphase plate during Metaphase I?

Tetrads (paired homologous chromosomes) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of Telophase I and Cytokinesis?

Formation of two haploid cells Signup and view all the answers

What marks the beginning of Meiosis II?

Condensation of DNA into chromosomes again Signup and view all the answers

During which phase do sister chromatids separate?

Anaphase II Signup and view all the answers

What is a key reason for meiosis in sexual reproduction?

Ensures gametes have half the chromosome number Signup and view all the answers

What process increases genetic diversity during meiosis?

Crossing over Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary result of meiosis?

Formation of gametes Signup and view all the answers

During Prophase I, what happens to chromatin?

It condenses into chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

What key event occurs during Prophase I of meiosis?

Homologous chromosomes undergo crossing over Signup and view all the answers

What aligns along the metaphase plate in Metaphase I?

Tetrads Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during Anaphase II?

Sister chromatids are separated Signup and view all the answers

What condition can arise from blood type incompatibility?

Erythroblastosis fetalis Signup and view all the answers

What blood type combination can lead to erythroblastosis fetalis?

Rh- mother with Rh+ baby Signup and view all the answers

Why does Rh- mother with Rh+ baby cause complications?

If the mother is sensitized Signup and view all the answers

Which blood type pairing typically does NOT cause issues?

Rh- mother with Rh- baby Signup and view all the answers

What is important to understand in preventing erythroblastosis fetalis?

Blood type compatibility Signup and view all the answers

What rank separates Phylum and Order in taxonomy?

Class Signup and view all the answers

What ranks separate Order and Species in taxonomy?

Family and Genus Signup and view all the answers

Which rank precedes Genus in taxonomy?

Family Signup and view all the answers

What is the most specific taxonomic classification?

Species Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of taxonomic classification from least to most specific?

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species Signup and view all the answers

In meiosis, what occurs during the first event?

Homologous chromosomes pair up and crossing over occurs. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Muscle Contraction

Muscle contraction is initiated by the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Troponin binds calcium and moves tropomyosin, facilitating muscle contraction.
Tropomyosin moves away from myosin-binding sites on actin during contraction.
The troponin-calcium complex consists of calcium bound to troponin protein, enabling contraction.
Muscle contraction is primarily regulated by troponin and tropomyosin.
Without calcium binding to troponin, actin and myosin cannot interact, preventing contraction.
The neuromuscular junction is where a motor neuron meets a muscle fiber and triggers calcium release for contraction.
At rest, tropomyosin covers the myosin-binding sites on actin.

Nephron Function

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) is responsible for the reabsorption of water, ions, and nutrients.
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) is involved in selective reabsorption and secretion of ions.
Final reabsorption of water occurs in the Collecting Duct.
The Ascending Limb of the Loop of Henle is impermeable to water, affecting urine concentration.
Bowman's Capsule encloses the glomerulus and initiates blood filtration through hydrostatic pressure.
Filtrate does not contain proteins; it consists of water, ions, and waste products.
Most reabsorption in the nephron occurs in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule.

Embryonic Development

A zygote is the single fertilized cell, forming the foundation of embryonic development.
The morula stage occurs at approximately 16 cells, leading to the blastula.
The blastula stage is characterized by a hollow structure, known as the blastocoel.
The gastrula stage involves differentiation into three germ layers.
Epiblast and hypoblast are two layers of the inner cell mass during early development.
Blastomeres are individual cells formed during cleavage divisions.
A morula forms when the embryo reaches the 16 to 32-cell stage.

Lymphatic System

One-way valves in the lymphatic system prevent backflow of lymph fluid toward the circulatory system.
The lymphatic system returns escaped fluid from blood vessels back to circulation.
Lymph propulsion is aided by the contraction of adjacent skeletal muscles and smooth muscle.
B and T cells, essential for immune defense, are produced by the lymphatic system.
B cells mature in the bone marrow, while lacteals absorb dietary fats in the small intestine.
The primary role of the lymphatic system includes collecting interstitial fluid and supporting lymphocyte production.

Taxonomy

Taxonomic hierarchy is used to classify organisms from broad to specific levels, identifying evolutionary relationships.
The family Felidae includes genera such as Panthera and Felis.
Class separates Phylum and Order; Family distinguishes Order and Genus.
A mnemonic to remember taxonomic levels is "Dear King Philip Come Over For Good Soup."
The most specific taxonomic classification is the species level.

Meiosis

Meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells (gametes) from one diploid cell.
Meiosis I includes phases: Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, and Telophase I.
Homologous chromosomes pair up during Prophase I, and crossing over occurs, leading to genetic diversity.
Tetrads align along the metaphase plate during Metaphase I.
Telophase I and cytokinesis result in the formation of two haploid cells.
Meiosis II begins with the condensation of chromosomes and the separation of sister chromatids in Anaphase II.

Blood Type Compatibility

Erythroblastosis fetalis can occur due to blood type incompatibility, particularly with an Rh+ mother and Rh- baby.
A sensitized Rh- mother may develop complications if pregnant with an Rh+ baby.
Understanding blood type compatibility is essential in preventing erythroblastosis fetalis.### Maternal-Fetal Blood Compatibility
Maternal anti-Rh antibodies can attack fetal erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic disease.
Erythroblastosis fetalis occurs when an Rh- mother has had a prior Rh+ child.
An Rh- mother produces anti-Rh antibodies after exposure to Rh+ blood.
Rh+ mothers do not produce anti-Rh antibodies against Rh- babies.
No antibodies are produced in an Rh- mother with an Rh- baby, ensuring compatibility.
Risk of erythroblastosis fetalis increases with multiple pregnancies involving Rh+ children.

Classification of Organisms

Organisms like tigers and ants belong to the Animalia kingdom.
Rotifera consists of microscopic and aquatic zooplankton.
The Fungi kingdom includes yeasts, mushrooms, and Penicillin mold.
Plantae encompasses shrubs, flowers, and algae.
Protista includes diatoms and slime molds, distinct from Fungi and Animalia.

Extremophiles and Microbial Life

Archaea are known for extremophiles like methanogens, thermophiles, and halophiles.
E.coli is a clear example of a bacterium belonging to the kingdom Bacteria.

Memory Aids for Animalia Classification

The mnemonic "Privileged Children Play Nicely Rapidly And Maturely, Arthur Ensures Cooperation" helps recall the phyla of Animalia.
"Children" refers to the Cnidaria phylum.
"Maturely" highlights the Mollusca phylum.
The term "Ensures" stands for Echinodermata in the mnemonic context.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge on muscle contraction processes with this multiple-choice quiz from Memrizz Exam 9. Questions cover topics such as the initiation of muscle contraction and the role of troponin. Challenge yourself and see how well you understand these essential physiological concepts.