Memory Systems and Short-Term Memory

Maintenance rehearsal involves the repetitive repetition of information to retain it in short-term memory.

The central executive coordinates material necessary for thinking, reasoning, and decision-making.

The primacy effect is influenced by the first items in a list being encoded into long-term memory during their presentation.

<p>Short-term memory holds information for about 15 to 30 seconds and can store approximately 7 ± 2 items.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mnemonics are formal techniques used to organize material, making it more likely to be remembered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Short-term memory has a limited capacity and retains information temporarily, while long-term memory serves as a permanent storage with unlimited capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chunking involves grouping stimuli into meaningful units, allowing more information to be retained in short-term memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An engram refers to the stored information in long-term memory, encoded in a way that preserves its meaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rehearsal is the repetition of information that helps maintain it in short-term memory and facilitates its transfer to long-term memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elaborative rehearsal involves organizing and considering material meaningfully, while maintenance rehearsal is merely repeating the information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recent evidence indicates that short-term memory is not a single system, but includes distinct parts like the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketch pad.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Studies show that individuals with brain damage can retain memories formed prior to the injury while being unable to recall new information, indicating separate memory systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A breakdown of the central executive could lead to memory loss and confusion characteristic of degenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Psychologists believe that information is lost from short-term memory after 15-20 seconds unless it is actively rehearsed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The transfer is facilitated by physiological mechanisms, though the exact processes remain unclear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Short-term memory has an incomplete representational capability and a shorter retention span compared to sensory memory, which holds more detailed information for brief moments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shallow, Intermediate, and Deepest levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The deepest level focuses on the meaning of the word and its relationships, while shallow processing emphasizes sensory memory and structural features.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It shows that the most rapid forgetting occurs in the first hour and slows down after nine hours.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A failure of encoding occurs when proper attention is not paid to the material being learned.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deep processing leads to better retention of information over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Personal experiences can create associations, enhancing understanding and memory retention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests that despite exposure, the information was not effectively encoded into long-term memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention is crucial for encoding; without it, information may not be successfully stored.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>State dependent memory is the recall of information based on the individual's physiological or psychological state. It can enhance exam performance if the same state, like consuming caffeine, is replicated during the exam as during study sessions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is the inability to retrieve a known piece of information. An example is forgetting the name of someone just met at a social event.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flashbulb memories are vivid recollections of significant events that seem like snapshots. They contain specific details while lacking complete information about the event.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The levels of processing theory posits that the depth of analysis during initial exposure to material determines how well it is remembered. More profound processing leads to better retention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The implication is that greater intensity and depth of initial processing enhance the likelihood of remembering information later.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>State dependent memory suggests that individuals may recall information better if their internal state during recall matches that during learning. This can relate to emotions, location, or even substances consumed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flashbulb memories illustrate that emotional significance of an event enhances the clarity and vividness of the memory. Highly emotional incidents create stronger, more durable memories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When recalling the word 'dog,' focusing only on the shapes of the letters represents a low level of processing, while recognizing it as a meaningful word reflects a deeper level of processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decay theory suggests that memory traces fade over time due to nonuse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interference theory posits that recall can be hindered by other competing information in memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retroactive interference occurs when new learning disrupts recall of previously learned information, e.g., studying Spanish after French can affect French test performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proactive interference happens when earlier learned information disrupts recall of newer information, e.g., studying French before Spanish affects Spanish test performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long-term potentiation involves the increased sensitivity of neurons to stimulation, facilitating memory consolidation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Changes in the number of synapses and dendritic branching reflect the consolidation of memories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recall of well-learned material may persist despite long intervals of nonuse, indicating factors beyond time influence memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interference theory provides insight that forgetting is often due to competing memories rather than just decay over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers