Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following best illustrates a transplant error in memory?
Which of the following best illustrates a transplant error in memory?
- Intruding knowledge such as remembering eating ice cream with a biscuit, even though you didn't.
- Forgetting the specific details of a childhood birthday party.
- Remembering eating ice cream in grade 4, but it was actually eaten in grade R. (correct)
- Having difficulty accessing a memory despite knowing it is stored.
What is the primary difference between a 'transplant error' and an 'intrusion error' in memory?
What is the primary difference between a 'transplant error' and an 'intrusion error' in memory?
- Transplant errors involve misattributing the context of a memory, while intrusion errors involve incorporating external information into a memory. (correct)
- Transplant errors occur during encoding, while intrusion errors occur during retrieval.
- Transplant errors affect semantic memory and intrusion errors affect episodic memory.
- Transplant errors involve forgetting details, while intrusion errors involve adding false details.
How do schemata primarily aid in memory recall?
How do schemata primarily aid in memory recall?
- By filling in gaps in memory with knowledge about what is typical in a given situation. (correct)
- By suppressing emotional responses that can distort memory.
- By providing a detailed record of every event, ensuring high accuracy.
- By creating a timeline of events which enables correct sequencing of memories.
Which scenario exemplifies the 'misinformation effect'?
Which scenario exemplifies the 'misinformation effect'?
If you witness a car accident, and later someone tells you they saw the car speeding, leading you to believe the same, which memory distortion are you experiencing?
If you witness a car accident, and later someone tells you they saw the car speeding, leading you to believe the same, which memory distortion are you experiencing?
What does the 'retention interval' refer to in the context of memory and forgetting?
What does the 'retention interval' refer to in the context of memory and forgetting?
According to the 'forgetting curve,' when does the most significant decline in memory typically occur?
According to the 'forgetting curve,' when does the most significant decline in memory typically occur?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the 'decay theory of forgetting'?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the 'decay theory of forgetting'?
In what way does 'interference theory' explain forgetting?
In what way does 'interference theory' explain forgetting?
What is the distinction between 'availability' and 'accessibility' in the context of memory?
What is the distinction between 'availability' and 'accessibility' in the context of memory?
Which of the following is the most accurate description of 'autobiographical memory'?
Which of the following is the most accurate description of 'autobiographical memory'?
How do emotions typically influence memory consolidation?
How do emotions typically influence memory consolidation?
What is a key characteristic of 'flashbulb memories'?
What is a key characteristic of 'flashbulb memories'?
Why might memories of traumatic events be both vivid and fragmented?
Why might memories of traumatic events be both vivid and fragmented?
Which of the following factors can increase the likelihood of retrieving a lost traumatic memory?
Which of the following factors can increase the likelihood of retrieving a lost traumatic memory?
What underlying principle connects 'effortless retrieval' and 'difficult retrieval'?
What underlying principle connects 'effortless retrieval' and 'difficult retrieval'?
What role do memory networks and connections play in the organization of knowledge?
What role do memory networks and connections play in the organization of knowledge?
Which of the following scenarios demonstrates how a schema might influence memory?
Which of the following scenarios demonstrates how a schema might influence memory?
How does the concept of 'retrieval failure' differ from the 'decay theory' of forgetting?
How does the concept of 'retrieval failure' differ from the 'decay theory' of forgetting?
What is one of the primary reasons why flashbulb memories, despite feeling very vivid, can still contain inaccuracies?
What is one of the primary reasons why flashbulb memories, despite feeling very vivid, can still contain inaccuracies?
Flashcards
Effortless Retrieval
Effortless Retrieval
Memories are easily recalled.
Difficult Retrieval
Difficult Retrieval
Memories that are hard to recall.
Memory Networks
Memory Networks
Connect bits of knowledge together.
Transplant Errors
Transplant Errors
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Intrusion Errors
Intrusion Errors
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Schema
Schema
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Misinformation Effect
Misinformation Effect
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Forgetting
Forgetting
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Retention Interval
Retention Interval
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The Forgetting Curve
The Forgetting Curve
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Decay Theory of Forgetting
Decay Theory of Forgetting
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Interference Theory
Interference Theory
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Retrieval Failure
Retrieval Failure
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Autobiographical Memory
Autobiographical Memory
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Memory and Emotions
Memory and Emotions
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Flashbulb Memories
Flashbulb Memories
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Traumatic Memories
Traumatic Memories
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Study Notes
- Effortless retrieval means some memories are easily accessed.
- Difficult retrieval means some memories are hard to access.
- Memory connections link bits of knowledge with each other, creating a network of knowledge.
Transplant Errors
- Transplant errors occur when information encountered in one context is transferred to another.
- Example: Remembering eating a specific ice cream in grade 4, but it was actually eaten in grade R.
Intrusion Errors
- Intrusion errors happen when other knowledge intrudes into the remembered event.
- Example: Remembering eating ice cream in grade R, but also incorrectly remembering eating it with a biscuit.
Schema
- A schema is knowledge about what is typical of a situation, event, or location.
- Schemata help us remember an event.
- Example: Remembering what you typically find in a restaurant, like a menu.
Misinformation Effect
- The misinformation effect involves memory errors due to misinformation received after an event has been experienced.
- A person experiences an event and is then exposed to misleading suggestions about the event.
- As time passes, the person's memories are tested and altered by the misinformation.
- Example: Recalling Lebotsa throwing three punches in a fight after others said it was three, even if it was initially remembered as two.
Forgetting
- Forgetting is linked with the failure to acquire information initially.
- Forgetting is tested using a retention interval.
Retention Interval
- Retention interval is the amount of time between initial learning and retrieval.
The Forgetting Curve
- Memories decrease over time.
- The speed of forgetting depends on how well the material was initially learned.
Themes of Forgetting
- Decay theory of forgetting suggests that memories fade due to time.
- Interference theory states that new learning disrupts older memories.
- Retrieval failure occurs when a memory is in long-term memory but cannot be accessed.
Autobiographical Memory
- Autobiographical memory is the memory of one's own life.
Memory and Emotions
- Emotions enhance consolidation of learned information.
- Emotions contribute to the narrowing of attention.
Flashbulb Memories
- Flashbulb memories are memories of extraordinary clarity, typically associated with highly emotional events.
- Flashbulb memories can include errors.
- Example: People interviewed a year after 9/11 giving differing accounts with high confidence.
Traumatic Memories
- Physiological arousal and stress at the time of a traumatic event increases consolidation.
- Traumatic memories can be lost and then recovered.
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