Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the function of memory?
What is the function of memory?
Memory is our cognitive system for storing and retrieving information.
Which of these options are accurate descriptions of the key processes of memory? (Select all that apply.)
Which of these options are accurate descriptions of the key processes of memory? (Select all that apply.)
- Encoding: The process of retrieving information stored in memory
- Retrieval: The process of locating and accessing information stored in memory. (correct)
- Retrieval: The process of converting information into a form that can be entered into memory
- Storage: The process of maintaining information in memory. (correct)
What does sensory memory refer to?
What does sensory memory refer to?
Sensory memory is a memory system that retains a brief representation of sensory input for brief periods of time.
Which type of memory is known as short-term memory? Choose the best option.
Which type of memory is known as short-term memory? Choose the best option.
Iconic memory refers to the memory of ______ stimuli.
Iconic memory refers to the memory of ______ stimuli.
What is the duration of echoic memory?
What is the duration of echoic memory?
Which of these options describes the function of 'free recall'?
Which of these options describes the function of 'free recall'?
In the context of memory retrieval, ______ recall refers to the retrieval of memory with the help of cues that are systematic.
In the context of memory retrieval, ______ recall refers to the retrieval of memory with the help of cues that are systematic.
What is the function of sensory memory within the Atkinson and Shiffrin model?
What is the function of sensory memory within the Atkinson and Shiffrin model?
Information that passes through an attentional gate is not transferred to short-term memory.
Information that passes through an attentional gate is not transferred to short-term memory.
What is the main purpose of elaborative rehearsal?
What is the main purpose of elaborative rehearsal?
Which of these is NOT a characteristic of long-term memory?
Which of these is NOT a characteristic of long-term memory?
What is the theory behind the modern view of memory?
What is the theory behind the modern view of memory?
Memory for factual information can never be termed explicit or declarative memory.
Memory for factual information can never be termed explicit or declarative memory.
Episodic memory holds information that we acquired at a specific ______ and place.
Episodic memory holds information that we acquired at a specific ______ and place.
Which type of memory holds general abstract knowledge about the world?
Which type of memory holds general abstract knowledge about the world?
Describe the difference between episodic memory and semantic memory.
Describe the difference between episodic memory and semantic memory.
What is the key element of implicit memory?
What is the key element of implicit memory?
Multiple processors working together to complete a task describes the Parallel Distributed Processing theory (PDP).
Multiple processors working together to complete a task describes the Parallel Distributed Processing theory (PDP).
Define the Decay theory as it relates to memory.
Define the Decay theory as it relates to memory.
Forgetting is a deliberate process whereby an individual consciously chooses to erase unwanted information from their memory.
Forgetting is a deliberate process whereby an individual consciously chooses to erase unwanted information from their memory.
What does the retroactive interference theory explain?
What does the retroactive interference theory explain?
Which type of interference describes the disruption of learning or remembering current information due to previously stored information?
Which type of interference describes the disruption of learning or remembering current information due to previously stored information?
Amnesia is a condition of memory ______ that can be severe or part of other conditions.
Amnesia is a condition of memory ______ that can be severe or part of other conditions.
What is the key defining characteristic of anterograde amnesia?
What is the key defining characteristic of anterograde amnesia?
Retrograde amnesia impacts the ability to remember events that occurred before the onset of amnesia.
Retrograde amnesia impacts the ability to remember events that occurred before the onset of amnesia.
Korsakoff syndrome, often resulting from long-term alcohol abuse, commonly includes profound ______ amnesia.
Korsakoff syndrome, often resulting from long-term alcohol abuse, commonly includes profound ______ amnesia.
Alzheimer's disease primarily affects those below the age of sixty-five.
Alzheimer's disease primarily affects those below the age of sixty-five.
Describe how amnesia can manifest as a result of Korsakoff syndrome.
Describe how amnesia can manifest as a result of Korsakoff syndrome.
Which of these is NOT a common symptom of Alzheimer's disease in its early stages?
Which of these is NOT a common symptom of Alzheimer's disease in its early stages?
The theory of memory decay suggests that forgetting occurs solely due to time.
The theory of memory decay suggests that forgetting occurs solely due to time.
Explain the central concept of the retrieval failure theory.
Explain the central concept of the retrieval failure theory.
Repression, a key concept in psychoanalysis, is often associated with ______ forgetting.
Repression, a key concept in psychoanalysis, is often associated with ______ forgetting.
Which of these is NOT a common mnemonic technique discussed in the text?
Which of these is NOT a common mnemonic technique discussed in the text?
What is the purpose of chunking in memory?
What is the purpose of chunking in memory?
Flashcards
Memory
Memory
Cognitive system for storing and retrieving information.
Key Processes of Memory
Key Processes of Memory
Includes encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.
Encoding
Encoding
Process of converting information into a memory form.
Storage
Storage
Signup and view all the flashcards
Retrieval
Retrieval
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sensory Memory
Sensory Memory
Signup and view all the flashcards
Short-term Memory
Short-term Memory
Signup and view all the flashcards
Long-term Memory
Long-term Memory
Signup and view all the flashcards
Serial Position Curve
Serial Position Curve
Signup and view all the flashcards
Recency Effect
Recency Effect
Signup and view all the flashcards
Priming Effect
Priming Effect
Signup and view all the flashcards
Iconic Memory
Iconic Memory
Signup and view all the flashcards
Echoic Memory
Echoic Memory
Signup and view all the flashcards
Free Recall
Free Recall
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cued Recall
Cued Recall
Signup and view all the flashcards
Atkinson & Shiffrin Model
Atkinson & Shiffrin Model
Signup and view all the flashcards
Episodic Memory
Episodic Memory
Signup and view all the flashcards
Semantic Memory
Semantic Memory
Signup and view all the flashcards
Implicit Memory
Implicit Memory
Signup and view all the flashcards
Decay Theory
Decay Theory
Signup and view all the flashcards
Retroactive Interference
Retroactive Interference
Signup and view all the flashcards
Proactive Interference
Proactive Interference
Signup and view all the flashcards
Amnesia
Amnesia
Signup and view all the flashcards
Anterograde Amnesia
Anterograde Amnesia
Signup and view all the flashcards
Retrograde Amnesia
Retrograde Amnesia
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dementia
Dementia
Signup and view all the flashcards
Korsakoff Syndrome
Korsakoff Syndrome
Signup and view all the flashcards
Alzheimer's Disease
Alzheimer's Disease
Signup and view all the flashcards
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting
Signup and view all the flashcards
Keyword Method
Keyword Method
Signup and view all the flashcards
Method of Loci
Method of Loci
Signup and view all the flashcards
Chunking
Chunking
Signup and view all the flashcards
First Letter Technique
First Letter Technique
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Memory: Our Cognitive System
- Memory is our cognitive system for storing and retrieving information
- Without memory, we cannot remember the past, retain new information, solve problems, or plan for the future
- Early research on memory, like Ebbinghaus' work in the late 1800s, examined memory and forgetting
- Memory involves encoding, storage, and retrieval
Key Processes of Memory
- Encoding: Converting information into a usable form for memory
- Storage: Maintaining information in memory
- Retrieval: Locating and accessing stored information
Sensory Memory
- A brief representation of sensory input
- Trails of light from a flashlight demonstrate sensory memory
- Iconic memory (visual) lasts less than a second
- Echoic memory (auditory) lasts 2-3 seconds
Short-Term Memory
- Holds small amounts of information for brief periods (usually less than 30 seconds)
- Used for tasks like looking up a phone number
Long-Term Memory
- Stores large amounts of information over long periods
- Allows us to remember events from hours, days, months, or years ago
- Stores general knowledge (semantic memory) and specific events (episodic memory)
Serial Position Curve
- Recall is better for items at the beginning and end of a list than for those in the middle
- Items at the beginning (primacy effect) and end (recency effect) are more easily recalled
Priming Effect
- Exposure to one stimulus affects how we respond to a related stimulus later
- If we see "doctor," we are more likely to recognize "nurse" faster
- This suggests connections between different concepts in long-term memory
Iconic Memory
- Visual sensory memory
- Lets us 'see' an image briefly in our minds' eyes
Echoic Memory
- Auditory sensory memory
- Allows us to hold sounds for a few seconds
Free Recall
- A memory testing method where items are recalled in any order
- Used to study different types of memory systems
Atkinson & Shiffrin Model
- Three-stage model of memory
- Sensory memory (brief storage)
- Short-term memory (limited capacity and duration)
- Long-term memory (relatively permanent storage)
Cued Recall
- Memory retrieval aided by specific cues
- Remembering items grouped by categories
Forgetting
- Decay: Memory fades with time
- Interference: Other information interferes with the recall of target information
- Retroactive: New information disrupts the recall of old information
- Proactive: Existing knowledge disrupts the recall of new information
- Retrieval failure: Inability to access memory due to missing cues
Motivated Forgetting
- Repression: Unpleasant memories are pushed into the unconscious
- This is part of psychoanalytic theory
Factors that Affect Memory
- Amnesia: Severe memory loss
- Anterograde: Cannot form new memories
- Retrograde: Cannot remember past events
- Dissociative: Memory loss linked to stress or trauma
- Korsakoff syndrome: Linked to alcoholism and severe memory loss
- Alzheimer's disease: A progressive brain disorder that leads to memory loss
Memory Improvement Strategies
- Chunking: Grouping pieces of information into larger meaningful units
- Mnemonics: Memory aids (e.g., keyword method, method of loci)
- Minimize interference: Learning dissimilar materials to prevent forgetting
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
