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Questions and Answers
What is the cognitive process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information?
What is the cognitive process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information?
Memory
What is the process of converting sensory input into a format ready for memory storage?
What is the process of converting sensory input into a format ready for memory storage?
Encoding
What is the term for unconscious encoding of information that requires no effort?
What is the term for unconscious encoding of information that requires no effort?
Automatic Processing
What type of encoding requires attention and effort?
What type of encoding requires attention and effort?
What kind of encoding is based on the meaning of information?
What kind of encoding is based on the meaning of information?
Encoding based on the sound of information is known as what?
Encoding based on the sound of information is known as what?
What is encoding based on the appearance of information called?
What is encoding based on the appearance of information called?
What type of memory is the brief storage of sensory information that lasts only seconds?
What type of memory is the brief storage of sensory information that lasts only seconds?
What is the limited capacity memory system that lasts approximately 20-30 seconds?
What is the limited capacity memory system that lasts approximately 20-30 seconds?
What type of memory has virtually unlimited storage with potentially permanent duration?
What type of memory has virtually unlimited storage with potentially permanent duration?
What is the name for grouping information into larger, meaningful units to improve memory capacity?
What is the name for grouping information into larger, meaningful units to improve memory capacity?
How are concepts interconnected based on meaning?
How are concepts interconnected based on meaning?
What do you call the activation of related concepts in semantic networks?
What do you call the activation of related concepts in semantic networks?
What type of memory involves conscious recall of facts and events?
What type of memory involves conscious recall of facts and events?
What kind of memory is unconscious and involves skills and conditioned responses?
What kind of memory is unconscious and involves skills and conditioned responses?
What kind of memory is it when remembering of personal experiences and specific events?
What kind of memory is it when remembering of personal experiences and specific events?
What kind of memory is it when remembering facts and general knowledge?
What kind of memory is it when remembering facts and general knowledge?
What kind of memory is used for skills and procedures?
What kind of memory is used for skills and procedures?
How much information can sensory memory hold?
How much information can sensory memory hold?
How long does visual sensory memory last?
How long does visual sensory memory last?
What is the capacity of short-term memory?
What is the capacity of short-term memory?
How long can information be held in short-term memory without rehearsal?
How long can information be held in short-term memory without rehearsal?
What is it called when learning through association of stimuli?
What is it called when learning through association of stimuli?
What is improved recognition due to prior exposure called?
What is improved recognition due to prior exposure called?
What is it called when you identify information presented to you?
What is it called when you identify information presented to you?
Retrieving information without cues is known as what?
Retrieving information without cues is known as what?
Learning something faster upon second exposure is known as what?
Learning something faster upon second exposure is known as what?
What are stimuli that aid in retrieving stored information called?
What are stimuli that aid in retrieving stored information called?
What do you call it when Better retrieval is achieved when context matches encoding context?
What do you call it when Better retrieval is achieved when context matches encoding context?
What is memory distributed across the brain, not localized, called?
What is memory distributed across the brain, not localized, called?
Which brain structure is essential for forming long-term memories?
Which brain structure is essential for forming long-term memories?
What type of memory involves facts and events?
What type of memory involves facts and events?
What type of memory is used for skills and tasks?
What type of memory is used for skills and tasks?
Vivid memories of emotionally significant events are known as what?
Vivid memories of emotionally significant events are known as what?
What process is memory influenced by biases and new information?
What process is memory influenced by biases and new information?
Are eyewitness accounts always accurate?
Are eyewitness accounts always accurate?
What memory distortion comes from misleading post-event information?
What memory distortion comes from misleading post-event information?
What are inaccurate recollections of events that didn't occur considered?
What are inaccurate recollections of events that didn't occur considered?
Who is a researcher known for studying memory distortion?
Who is a researcher known for studying memory distortion?
Multiple-choice questions are an example of ________ in memory testing
Multiple-choice questions are an example of ________ in memory testing
Essay questions are an example of ________ in memory testing.
Essay questions are an example of ________ in memory testing.
Which brain structure is involved in procedural memory?
Which brain structure is involved in procedural memory?
Which brain structure is associated with motor control and learning?
Which brain structure is associated with motor control and learning?
Does confidence guarantee the correctness of memories?
Does confidence guarantee the correctness of memories?
What are distorted recollections of events that didn't happen called?
What are distorted recollections of events that didn't happen called?
Inaccurate recall of events after suggestive influences is called what?
Inaccurate recall of events after suggestive influences is called what?
What encoding error is due to lack of attention?
What encoding error is due to lack of attention?
What type of retrieval error is influenced by preconceived notions?
What type of retrieval error is influenced by preconceived notions?
What retrieval error is the inability to access stored information?
What retrieval error is the inability to access stored information?
Memory distortion; wrong source attribution is called what?
Memory distortion; wrong source attribution is called what?
Involuntary recall of unwanted memories is known as what?
Involuntary recall of unwanted memories is known as what?
Incorporating misleading information into memory is known as what?
Incorporating misleading information into memory is known as what?
What is the decay of memory over time called?
What is the decay of memory over time called?
What type of interference happens when New information disrupts recall of old information?
What type of interference happens when New information disrupts recall of old information?
What type of interference happens when Old information disrupts learning of new information?
What type of interference happens when Old information disrupts learning of new information?
Memory recall pattern for list items is known as what?
Memory recall pattern for list items is known as what?
Better recall of first items in a list is known as what?
Better recall of first items in a list is known as what?
What is the inability to form new memories after an event called?
What is the inability to form new memories after an event called?
What is the loss of memories formed before an event called?
What is the loss of memories formed before an event called?
Who had anterograde amnesia but intact STM and implicit memory?
Who had anterograde amnesia but intact STM and implicit memory?
Who had both anterograde and retrograde amnesia?
Who had both anterograde and retrograde amnesia?
What does LTM stand for?
What does LTM stand for?
What kind of memory is Conscious recollection of facts and events?
What kind of memory is Conscious recollection of facts and events?
What kind of memory is Unconscious memory for skills and tasks?
What kind of memory is Unconscious memory for skills and tasks?
What is the process of converting sensory input into memory storage?
What is the process of converting sensory input into memory storage?
What do you call unconscious encoding of information without effort?
What do you call unconscious encoding of information without effort?
What is conscious encoding requiring attention and effort called?
What is conscious encoding requiring attention and effort called?
What is encoding based on the meaning of information?
What is encoding based on the meaning of information?
What is encoding based on the sound of information?
What is encoding based on the sound of information?
What kind of encoding is based on the appearance of information?
What kind of encoding is based on the appearance of information?
What is the brief storage of sensory information that lasts only seconds?
What is the brief storage of sensory information that lasts only seconds?
What is limited capacity memory lasting 20-30 seconds?
What is limited capacity memory lasting 20-30 seconds?
What is the grouping of information into larger, meaningful units?
What is the grouping of information into larger, meaningful units?
What are interconnected concepts based on meanings called?
What are interconnected concepts based on meanings called?
What is activation of related concepts in semantic networks called?
What is activation of related concepts in semantic networks called?
What is unconscious memory for skills and conditioned responses called?
What is unconscious memory for skills and conditioned responses called?
What is memory of personal experiences and specific events called?
What is memory of personal experiences and specific events called?
What is memory of facts and general knowledge called?
What is memory of facts and general knowledge called?
What is memory for skills and procedures called?
What is memory for skills and procedures called?
What the capacity of Sensory Memory?
What the capacity of Sensory Memory?
What is the duration of Sensory Memory?
What is the duration of Sensory Memory?
What is the duration of Short-Term Memory?
What is the duration of Short-Term Memory?
What do you call learning through association of stimuli?
What do you call learning through association of stimuli?
What do you call improved recognition due to prior exposure?
What do you call improved recognition due to prior exposure?
What do you call identifying information presented to you?
What do you call identifying information presented to you?
What is retrieving information without any cues?
What is retrieving information without any cues?
What do you call learning something faster upon second exposure?
What do you call learning something faster upon second exposure?
What are stimuli that aid in retrieving stored information?
What are stimuli that aid in retrieving stored information?
What refers to better retrieval when context matches encoding context?
What refers to better retrieval when context matches encoding context?
What is memory distributed across the brain, not localized?
What is memory distributed across the brain, not localized?
What is explicit memory involving facts and events?
What is explicit memory involving facts and events?
What is implicit memory for skills and tasks?
What is implicit memory for skills and tasks?
What are vivid memories of emotionally significant events?
What are vivid memories of emotionally significant events?
What is Memory influenced by biases and new information?
What is Memory influenced by biases and new information?
What kind of accounts can be inaccurate despite witness confidence?
What kind of accounts can be inaccurate despite witness confidence?
What effect can cause memory distortion from misleading post-event information?
What effect can cause memory distortion from misleading post-event information?
What are inaccurate recollections of events that didn't occur?
What are inaccurate recollections of events that didn't occur?
Which researcher is known for studying memory distortion?
Which researcher is known for studying memory distortion?
What is an example of recognition in memory testing?
What is an example of recognition in memory testing?
What kind of questions are an example of recall in memory testing?
What kind of questions are an example of recall in memory testing?
What does not guarantee the correctness of memories?
What does not guarantee the correctness of memories?
What is distorted recollections of events that didn't happen?
What is distorted recollections of events that didn't happen?
What is inaccurate recall of events after suggestive influences?
What is inaccurate recall of events after suggestive influences?
What is encoding error due to lack of attention?
What is encoding error due to lack of attention?
What is retrieval error influenced by preconceived notions?
What is retrieval error influenced by preconceived notions?
What is retrieval error; inability to access stored information?
What is retrieval error; inability to access stored information?
What is memory distortion; wrong source attribution?
What is memory distortion; wrong source attribution?
What is involuntary recall of unwanted memories?
What is involuntary recall of unwanted memories?
What is incorporating misleading information into memory?
What is incorporating misleading information into memory?
What is decay of memory over time?
What is decay of memory over time?
What is it called when new information disrupts recall of old information?
What is it called when new information disrupts recall of old information?
What is it called when old information disrupts learning of new information?
What is it called when old information disrupts learning of new information?
What is memory recall pattern for list items?
What is memory recall pattern for list items?
What effect results in better recall of first items in a list?
What effect results in better recall of first items in a list?
What is inability to form new memories after an event?
What is inability to form new memories after an event?
What is loss of memories formed before an event?
What is loss of memories formed before an event?
What does explicit memory involve?
What does explicit memory involve?
What does Implicit Memory encompass?
What does Implicit Memory encompass?
What is memory?
What is memory?
What is encoding?
What is encoding?
What is automatic processing?
What is automatic processing?
What is effortful processing?
What is effortful processing?
What is semantic encoding?
What is semantic encoding?
What is visual encoding?
What is visual encoding?
What is sensory memory?
What is sensory memory?
What is short-term memory?
What is short-term memory?
What are semantic networks?
What are semantic networks?
What is spreading activation?
What is spreading activation?
What is explicit memory?
What is explicit memory?
What is episodic memory?
What is episodic memory?
What is semantic memory?
What is semantic memory?
What is procedural memory?
What is procedural memory?
What is classical conditioning?
What is classical conditioning?
What is recognition?
What is recognition?
What is relearning?
What is relearning?
What are retrieval cues?
What are retrieval cues?
What is encoding specificity?
What is encoding specificity?
What is equipotentiality?
What is equipotentiality?
What is the hippocampus?
What is the hippocampus?
What is declarative memory?
What is declarative memory?
What is flashbulb memory?
What is flashbulb memory?
What is the reconstructive process?
What is the reconstructive process?
What are eyewitness accounts?
What are eyewitness accounts?
What is the misinformation effect?
What is the misinformation effect?
What are false memories?
What are false memories?
Who is Elizabeth Loftus?
Who is Elizabeth Loftus?
What are multiple-choice questions?
What are multiple-choice questions?
What are essay questions?
What are essay questions?
What is the basal ganglia?
What is the basal ganglia?
What is the cerebellum?
What is the cerebellum?
What is memory accuracy?
What is memory accuracy?
What is false memory syndrome?
What is false memory syndrome?
What is absentmindedness?
What is absentmindedness?
What is bias?
What is bias?
What is misattribution?
What is misattribution?
What is persistence?
What is persistence?
What is suggestibility?
What is suggestibility?
What is retroactive interference?
What is retroactive interference?
What is serial position curve?
What is serial position curve?
What is primacy effect?
What is primacy effect?
What is anterograde amnesia?
What is anterograde amnesia?
Who is Scott Bolzan?
Who is Scott Bolzan?
Who is Clive Wearing?
Who is Clive Wearing?
What is Long-Term Memory (LTM)?
What is Long-Term Memory (LTM)?
Flashcards
Memory
Memory
Cognitive process of encoding, storing, retrieving information.
Encoding
Encoding
Converting sensory input into a format ready for memory storage.
Automatic Processing
Automatic Processing
Unconscious encoding of incidental information, like space, time, and frequency.
Effortful Processing
Effortful Processing
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Semantic Encoding
Semantic Encoding
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Acoustic Encoding
Acoustic Encoding
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Visual Encoding
Visual Encoding
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Sensory Memory
Sensory Memory
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Short-Term Memory
Short-Term Memory
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Long-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory
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Chunking
Chunking
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Semantic Networks
Semantic Networks
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Spreading Activation
Spreading Activation
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Explicit Memory
Explicit Memory
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Implicit Memory
Implicit Memory
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Episodic Memory
Episodic Memory
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Semantic Memory
Semantic Memory
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Procedural Memory
Procedural Memory
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Capacity of Sensory Memory
Capacity of Sensory Memory
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Duration of Sensory Memory
Duration of Sensory Memory
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Capacity of Short-Term Memory
Capacity of Short-Term Memory
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Duration of Short-Term Memory
Duration of Short-Term Memory
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Capacity of Long-Term Memory
Capacity of Long-Term Memory
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Classical conditioning
Classical conditioning
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Priming
Priming
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Recognition
Recognition
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Recall
Recall
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Relearning
Relearning
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Retrieval cues
Retrieval cues
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Encoding specificity
Encoding specificity
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Equipotentiality
Equipotentiality
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Hippocampus
Hippocampus
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Declarative memory
Declarative memory
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Procedural memory
Procedural memory
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Flashbulb memory
Flashbulb memory
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Reconstructive process
Reconstructive process
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Eyewitness accounts
Eyewitness accounts
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Misinformation effect
Misinformation effect
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False memories
False memories
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Elizabeth Loftus
Elizabeth Loftus
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Multiple-choice questions
Multiple-choice questions
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Essay questions
Essay questions
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Basal ganglia
Basal ganglia
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Cerebellum
Cerebellum
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Memory accuracy
Memory accuracy
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False Memory
False Memory
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False Memory Syndrome
False Memory Syndrome
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Absentmindedness
Absentmindedness
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Bias
Bias
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Blocking
Blocking
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Study Notes
- Memory is the cognitive process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information.
Encoding
- Encoding involves converting sensory input into a format suitable for memory storage.
- Automatic processing refers to the unconscious encoding of information that requires no effort.
- Effortful processing describes conscious encoding of information through attention and effort.
- Semantic encoding is encoding information based on its meaning.
- Acoustic encoding refers to encoding information based on its sound.
- Visual encoding is encoding information based on its appearance.
Memory Storage
- Sensory memory briefly stores sensory information for a few seconds.
- Short-term memory has a limited capacity and lasts for about 20-30 seconds.
- Long-term memory has virtually unlimited storage capacity with a potentially permanent duration.
- Chunking entails grouping information into larger, meaningful units to aid memory.
- Semantic networks are interconnected concepts stored in memory based on their meanings.
- Spreading activation is the process where activating one concept in a semantic network leads to the activation of related concepts.
Types of Memory
- Explicit memory involves the conscious recall of facts and events.
- Implicit memory refers to unconscious memory for skills and conditioned responses.
- Episodic memory is the memory of personal experiences and specific events.
- Semantic memory is the memory of facts and general knowledge.
- Procedural memory involves the memory for skills and procedures.
Capacity and Duration
- Sensory memory has a large capacity but a brief duration.
- Visual sensory memory lasts less than a second, while auditory sensory memory lasts a few seconds.
- Short-term memory is limited to 7±2 items.
- Without rehearsal, short-term memory lasts about 20-30 seconds.
- Long-term memory has a virtually unlimited capacity and potentially permanent duration.
Memory Retrieval
- Classical conditioning: learning through association of stimuli.
- Priming leads to improved recognition due to prior exposure.
- Recognition involves identifying information presented to you.
- Recall entails retrieving information without cues.
- Relearning refers to learning something faster upon second exposure.
- Retrieval cues are stimuli that aid in retrieving stored information.
- Encoding specificity: retrieval is better context matches encoding context.
Brain Structures and Memory
- Equipotentiality suggests memory is distributed across the brain, not localized in one area.
- The hippocampus is essential for forming long-term memories.
- Declarative memory is explicit memory involving facts and events.
- Procedural memory is implicit memory for skills and tasks.
- Flashbulb memories are vivid recollections of emotionally significant events.
- The basal ganglia are involved in procedural memory.
- The cerebellum is associated with motor control and learning.
Memory Distortion
- The reconstructive process means memory is influenced by biases and new information.
- Eyewitness accounts can be inaccurate despite a witness's confidence.
- The misinformation effect refers to memory distortion from misleading post-event information.
- False memories are inaccurate recollections of events that did not occur.
- Elizabeth Loftus is a researcher known for contributions to the study of memory distortion.
Memory Testing
- Multiple-choice questions are an example of recognition in memory testing.
- Essay questions are an example of recall in memory testing.
- Memory accuracy: confidence does not guarantee the correctness of memories.
- False Memory Syndrome is inaccurate recall of events after suggestive influences.
Memory Errors
- Absentmindedness: encoding error due to lack of attention.
- Bias: retrieval error influenced by preconceived notions.
- Blocking: retrieval error where one cannot access stored information.
- Misattribution: memory distortion where one attributes a memory to the wrong source.
- Persistence: involuntary recall of unwanted memories.
- Suggestibility: incorporating misleading information into memory.
- Transience: decay of memory over time.
Interference
- Retroactive interference occurs when new information disrupts the recall of old information.
- Proactive interference occurs when old information disrupts the learning of new information.
Serial Position Effect
- Serial Position Curve: memory recall pattern for list items.
- The primacy effect: better recall of first items in a list.
- The recency effect: better recall of last items in a list.
Amnesia
- Anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories after an event.
- Retrograde amnesia is the loss of memories formed before an event.
- Scott Bolzan had anterograde amnesia but intact STM and implicit memory.
- Clive Wearing had both anterograde and retrograde amnesia.
Memory Types
- Long-Term Memory (LTM): memory storage for extended periods.
- Short-Term Memory (STM): temporary storage for immediate information.
- Explicit Memory: conscious recollection of facts and events.
- Implicit Memory: unconscious memory for skills and tasks.
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