Memory Encoding and Storage

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Questions and Answers

What is the cognitive process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information?

Memory

What is the process of converting sensory input into a format ready for memory storage?

Encoding

What is the term for unconscious encoding of information that requires no effort?

Automatic Processing

What type of encoding requires attention and effort?

<p>Effortful Processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of encoding is based on the meaning of information?

<p>Semantic Encoding</p> Signup and view all the answers

Encoding based on the sound of information is known as what?

<p>Acoustic Encoding</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is encoding based on the appearance of information called?

<p>Visual Encoding</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory is the brief storage of sensory information that lasts only seconds?

<p>Sensory Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the limited capacity memory system that lasts approximately 20-30 seconds?

<p>Short-Term Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory has virtually unlimited storage with potentially permanent duration?

<p>Long-Term Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for grouping information into larger, meaningful units to improve memory capacity?

<p>Chunking</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are concepts interconnected based on meaning?

<p>Semantic Networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do you call the activation of related concepts in semantic networks?

<p>Spreading Activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory involves conscious recall of facts and events?

<p>Explicit Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of memory is unconscious and involves skills and conditioned responses?

<p>Implicit Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of memory is it when remembering of personal experiences and specific events?

<p>Episodic Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of memory is it when remembering facts and general knowledge?

<p>Semantic Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of memory is used for skills and procedures?

<p>Procedural Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much information can sensory memory hold?

<p>Large but brief, holds many items</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does visual sensory memory last?

<p>Less than a second for visual, few seconds for auditory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the capacity of short-term memory?

<p>Limited to 7±2 items</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long can information be held in short-term memory without rehearsal?

<p>About 20-30 seconds without rehearsal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is it called when learning through association of stimuli?

<p>Classical conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is improved recognition due to prior exposure called?

<p>Priming</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is it called when you identify information presented to you?

<p>Recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

Retrieving information without cues is known as what?

<p>Recall</p> Signup and view all the answers

Learning something faster upon second exposure is known as what?

<p>Relearning</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are stimuli that aid in retrieving stored information called?

<p>Retrieval cues</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do you call it when Better retrieval is achieved when context matches encoding context?

<p>Encoding specificity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is memory distributed across the brain, not localized, called?

<p>Equipotentiality</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structure is essential for forming long-term memories?

<p>Hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory involves facts and events?

<p>Declarative memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory is used for skills and tasks?

<p>Procedural memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vivid memories of emotionally significant events are known as what?

<p>Flashbulb memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is memory influenced by biases and new information?

<p>Reconstructive process</p> Signup and view all the answers

Are eyewitness accounts always accurate?

<p>Can be inaccurate despite witness confidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

What memory distortion comes from misleading post-event information?

<p>Misinformation effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are inaccurate recollections of events that didn't occur considered?

<p>False memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is a researcher known for studying memory distortion?

<p>Elizabeth Loftus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Multiple-choice questions are an example of ________ in memory testing

<p>Recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

Essay questions are an example of ________ in memory testing.

<p>Recall</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structure is involved in procedural memory?

<p>Basal ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structure is associated with motor control and learning?

<p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Does confidence guarantee the correctness of memories?

<p>Confidence does not guarantee the correctness of memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are distorted recollections of events that didn't happen called?

<p>False Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inaccurate recall of events after suggestive influences is called what?

<p>False Memory Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

What encoding error is due to lack of attention?

<p>Absentmindedness</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of retrieval error is influenced by preconceived notions?

<p>Bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

What retrieval error is the inability to access stored information?

<p>Blocking</p> Signup and view all the answers

Memory distortion; wrong source attribution is called what?

<p>Misattribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

Involuntary recall of unwanted memories is known as what?

<p>Persistence</p> Signup and view all the answers

Incorporating misleading information into memory is known as what?

<p>Suggestibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the decay of memory over time called?

<p>Transience</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of interference happens when New information disrupts recall of old information?

<p>Retroactive Interference</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of interference happens when Old information disrupts learning of new information?

<p>Proactive Interference</p> Signup and view all the answers

Memory recall pattern for list items is known as what?

<p>Serial Position Curve</p> Signup and view all the answers

Better recall of first items in a list is known as what?

<p>Primacy Effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the inability to form new memories after an event called?

<p>Anterograde Amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the loss of memories formed before an event called?

<p>Retrograde Amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who had anterograde amnesia but intact STM and implicit memory?

<p>Scott Bolzan</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who had both anterograde and retrograde amnesia?

<p>Clive Wearing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does LTM stand for?

<p>Long-Term Memory (LTM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of memory is Conscious recollection of facts and events?

<p>Explicit Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of memory is Unconscious memory for skills and tasks?

<p>Implicit Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of converting sensory input into memory storage?

<p>Encoding</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do you call unconscious encoding of information without effort?

<p>Automatic Processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is conscious encoding requiring attention and effort called?

<p>Effortful Processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is encoding based on the meaning of information?

<p>Semantic Encoding</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is encoding based on the sound of information?

<p>Acoustic Encoding</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of encoding is based on the appearance of information?

<p>Visual Encoding</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the brief storage of sensory information that lasts only seconds?

<p>Sensory Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is limited capacity memory lasting 20-30 seconds?

<p>Short-Term Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the grouping of information into larger, meaningful units?

<p>Chunking</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are interconnected concepts based on meanings called?

<p>Semantic Networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is activation of related concepts in semantic networks called?

<p>Spreading Activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is unconscious memory for skills and conditioned responses called?

<p>Implicit Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is memory of personal experiences and specific events called?

<p>Episodic Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is memory of facts and general knowledge called?

<p>Semantic Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is memory for skills and procedures called?

<p>Procedural Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What the capacity of Sensory Memory?

<p>Large but brief, holds many items</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of Sensory Memory?

<p>Less than a second for visual, few seconds for auditory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of Short-Term Memory?

<p>About 20-30 seconds without rehearsal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do you call learning through association of stimuli?

<p>Classical conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do you call improved recognition due to prior exposure?

<p>Priming</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do you call identifying information presented to you?

<p>Recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is retrieving information without any cues?

<p>Recall</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do you call learning something faster upon second exposure?

<p>Relearning</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are stimuli that aid in retrieving stored information?

<p>Retrieval cues</p> Signup and view all the answers

What refers to better retrieval when context matches encoding context?

<p>Encoding specificity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is memory distributed across the brain, not localized?

<p>Equipotentiality</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is explicit memory involving facts and events?

<p>Declarative memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is implicit memory for skills and tasks?

<p>Procedural memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are vivid memories of emotionally significant events?

<p>Flashbulb memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Memory influenced by biases and new information?

<p>Reconstructive process</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of accounts can be inaccurate despite witness confidence?

<p>Eyewitness accounts</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect can cause memory distortion from misleading post-event information?

<p>Misinformation effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are inaccurate recollections of events that didn't occur?

<p>False memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which researcher is known for studying memory distortion?

<p>Elizabeth Loftus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of recognition in memory testing?

<p>Multiple-choice questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of questions are an example of recall in memory testing?

<p>Essay questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does not guarantee the correctness of memories?

<p>Confidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is distorted recollections of events that didn't happen?

<p>False Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is inaccurate recall of events after suggestive influences?

<p>False Memory Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is encoding error due to lack of attention?

<p>Absentmindedness</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is retrieval error influenced by preconceived notions?

<p>Bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is retrieval error; inability to access stored information?

<p>Blocking</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is memory distortion; wrong source attribution?

<p>Misattribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is involuntary recall of unwanted memories?

<p>Persistence</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is incorporating misleading information into memory?

<p>Suggestibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is decay of memory over time?

<p>Transience</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is it called when new information disrupts recall of old information?

<p>Retroactive Interference</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is it called when old information disrupts learning of new information?

<p>Proactive Interference</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is memory recall pattern for list items?

<p>Serial Position Curve</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect results in better recall of first items in a list?

<p>Primacy Effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is inability to form new memories after an event?

<p>Anterograde Amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is loss of memories formed before an event?

<p>Retrograde Amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does explicit memory involve?

<p>Conscious recollection of facts and events</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Implicit Memory encompass?

<p>Unconscious memory for skills and tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is memory?

<p>Cognitive process of encoding, storing, retrieving information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is encoding?

<p>Converting sensory input into memory storage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is automatic processing?

<p>Unconscious encoding of information without effort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is effortful processing?

<p>Conscious encoding requiring attention and effort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is semantic encoding?

<p>Encoding based on the meaning of information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is visual encoding?

<p>Encoding based on the appearance of information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is sensory memory?

<p>Brief storage of sensory information, lasts seconds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is short-term memory?

<p>Limited capacity memory lasting 20-30 seconds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are semantic networks?

<p>Interconnected concepts based on meanings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is spreading activation?

<p>Activation of related concepts in semantic networks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is explicit memory?

<p>Conscious recall of facts and events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is episodic memory?

<p>Memory of personal experiences and specific events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is semantic memory?

<p>Memory of facts and general knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is procedural memory?

<p>Memory for skills and procedures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is classical conditioning?

<p>Learning through association of stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is recognition?

<p>Identifying information presented to you.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is relearning?

<p>Learning something faster upon second exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are retrieval cues?

<p>Stimuli that aid in retrieving stored information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is encoding specificity?

<p>Better retrieval when context matches encoding context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is equipotentiality?

<p>Memory distributed across the brain, not localized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the hippocampus?

<p>Brain structure essential for forming long-term memories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is declarative memory?

<p>Explicit memory involving facts and events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is flashbulb memory?

<p>Vivid memories of emotionally significant events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reconstructive process?

<p>Memory influenced by biases and new information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are eyewitness accounts?

<p>Can be inaccurate despite witness confidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the misinformation effect?

<p>Memory distortion from misleading post-event information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are false memories?

<p>Inaccurate recollections of events that didn't occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Elizabeth Loftus?

<p>Researcher known for studying memory distortion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are multiple-choice questions?

<p>Example of recognition in memory testing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are essay questions?

<p>Example of recall in memory testing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the basal ganglia?

<p>Brain structure involved in procedural memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cerebellum?

<p>Brain structure associated with motor control and learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is memory accuracy?

<p>Confidence does not guarantee the correctness of memories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is false memory syndrome?

<p>Inaccurate recall of events after suggestive influences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is absentmindedness?

<p>Encoding error due to lack of attention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is bias?

<p>Retrieval error influenced by preconceived notions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is misattribution?

<p>Memory distortion; wrong source attribution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is persistence?

<p>Involuntary recall of unwanted memories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is suggestibility?

<p>Incorporating misleading information into memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is retroactive interference?

<p>New information disrupts recall of old information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is serial position curve?

<p>Memory recall pattern for list items.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primacy effect?

<p>Better recall of first items in a list.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is anterograde amnesia?

<p>Inability to form new memories after an event.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Scott Bolzan?

<p>Had anterograde amnesia; intact STM and implicit memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Clive Wearing?

<p>Had both anterograde and retrograde amnesia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Long-Term Memory (LTM)?

<p>Memory storage for extended periods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Memory

Cognitive process of encoding, storing, retrieving information.

Encoding

Converting sensory input into a format ready for memory storage.

Automatic Processing

Unconscious encoding of incidental information, like space, time, and frequency.

Effortful Processing

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Semantic Encoding

Encoding based on the meaning of the information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Acoustic Encoding

Encoding based on the sounds of the information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Visual Encoding

Encoding based on the visual appearance of the information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sensory Memory

Brief storage of sensory information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Short-Term Memory

Limited capacity memory system that holds information for a short duration.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Long-Term Memory

Memory storage system with virtually unlimited capacity and long duration.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chunking

Organizing information into manageable groups or units.

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Semantic Networks

Network of interconnected concepts and associations in memory.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Spreading Activation

The activation of one concept leads to the activation of related concepts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Explicit Memory

Conscious memory of facts and experiences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Implicit Memory

Unconscious memory of skills and conditioned responses.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Episodic Memory

Memory of specific events or personal experiences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Semantic Memory

Memory of general knowledge and facts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Procedural Memory

Memory of how to perform skills and procedures.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Capacity of Sensory Memory

Large capacity but brief duration.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Duration of Sensory Memory

Less than a second for visual, few seconds for auditory information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Capacity of Short-Term Memory

Limited to 7±2 items.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Duration of Short-Term Memory

About 20-30 seconds unless actively rehearsed.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Capacity of Long-Term Memory

Virtually unlimited, potentially permanent.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Classical conditioning

Learning through association of stimuli.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Priming

Improved recognition of a stimulus due to prior exposure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Recognition

Identifying information that is presented.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Recall

Retrieving information without cues.

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Relearning

Learning something more quickly the second time.

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Retrieval cues

Stimuli that help you retrieve information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Encoding specificity

Retrieval is best when the context at retrieval matches the context at encoding.

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Equipotentiality

Memories are distributed and not localized to one part of the brain.

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Hippocampus

Brain structure critical for forming new long-term memories.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Declarative memory

Explicit memory of facts and events.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Procedural memory

Implicit memory of skills and tasks.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Flashbulb memory

Vivid memory for emotionally significant moments.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Reconstructive process

Memory is an active process influenced by perception, knowledge, and inferences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Eyewitness accounts

Can be unreliable source of memory and influenced by stress or bias.

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Misinformation effect

Incorporating misleading information after an event into one's memory.

Signup and view all the flashcards

False memories

Inaccurate or wholly false recollections of events.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Elizabeth Loftus

Memory researcher known for work on misinformation effect and false memory.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Multiple-choice questions

Test question that assess recognition memory.

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Essay questions

Test question that assess recall memory.

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Basal ganglia

Brain structure involved in motor control and implicit learning.

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Cerebellum

Brain structure processing sensory information associated with coordinating movement.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Memory accuracy

Not necessarily an indicator of memory accuracy.

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False Memory

Distorted recollection of events that didn't occur.

Signup and view all the flashcards

False Memory Syndrome

Distorted or inaccurate recollections of events after suggestive influences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Absentmindedness

Lapses of attention that result in encoding failure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bias

Retrieval error where our current beliefs distort our memories.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Blocking

Retrieval failure due to interference or other retrieval errors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

  • Memory is the cognitive process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information.

Encoding

  • Encoding involves converting sensory input into a format suitable for memory storage.
  • Automatic processing refers to the unconscious encoding of information that requires no effort.
  • Effortful processing describes conscious encoding of information through attention and effort.
  • Semantic encoding is encoding information based on its meaning.
  • Acoustic encoding refers to encoding information based on its sound.
  • Visual encoding is encoding information based on its appearance.

Memory Storage

  • Sensory memory briefly stores sensory information for a few seconds.
  • Short-term memory has a limited capacity and lasts for about 20-30 seconds.
  • Long-term memory has virtually unlimited storage capacity with a potentially permanent duration.
  • Chunking entails grouping information into larger, meaningful units to aid memory.
  • Semantic networks are interconnected concepts stored in memory based on their meanings.
  • Spreading activation is the process where activating one concept in a semantic network leads to the activation of related concepts.

Types of Memory

  • Explicit memory involves the conscious recall of facts and events.
  • Implicit memory refers to unconscious memory for skills and conditioned responses.
  • Episodic memory is the memory of personal experiences and specific events.
  • Semantic memory is the memory of facts and general knowledge.
  • Procedural memory involves the memory for skills and procedures.

Capacity and Duration

  • Sensory memory has a large capacity but a brief duration.
  • Visual sensory memory lasts less than a second, while auditory sensory memory lasts a few seconds.
  • Short-term memory is limited to 7±2 items.
  • Without rehearsal, short-term memory lasts about 20-30 seconds.
  • Long-term memory has a virtually unlimited capacity and potentially permanent duration.

Memory Retrieval

  • Classical conditioning: learning through association of stimuli.
  • Priming leads to improved recognition due to prior exposure.
  • Recognition involves identifying information presented to you.
  • Recall entails retrieving information without cues.
  • Relearning refers to learning something faster upon second exposure.
  • Retrieval cues are stimuli that aid in retrieving stored information.
  • Encoding specificity: retrieval is better context matches encoding context.

Brain Structures and Memory

  • Equipotentiality suggests memory is distributed across the brain, not localized in one area.
  • The hippocampus is essential for forming long-term memories.
  • Declarative memory is explicit memory involving facts and events.
  • Procedural memory is implicit memory for skills and tasks.
  • Flashbulb memories are vivid recollections of emotionally significant events.
  • The basal ganglia are involved in procedural memory.
  • The cerebellum is associated with motor control and learning.

Memory Distortion

  • The reconstructive process means memory is influenced by biases and new information.
  • Eyewitness accounts can be inaccurate despite a witness's confidence.
  • The misinformation effect refers to memory distortion from misleading post-event information.
  • False memories are inaccurate recollections of events that did not occur.
  • Elizabeth Loftus is a researcher known for contributions to the study of memory distortion.

Memory Testing

  • Multiple-choice questions are an example of recognition in memory testing.
  • Essay questions are an example of recall in memory testing.
  • Memory accuracy: confidence does not guarantee the correctness of memories.
  • False Memory Syndrome is inaccurate recall of events after suggestive influences.

Memory Errors

  • Absentmindedness: encoding error due to lack of attention.
  • Bias: retrieval error influenced by preconceived notions.
  • Blocking: retrieval error where one cannot access stored information.
  • Misattribution: memory distortion where one attributes a memory to the wrong source.
  • Persistence: involuntary recall of unwanted memories.
  • Suggestibility: incorporating misleading information into memory.
  • Transience: decay of memory over time.

Interference

  • Retroactive interference occurs when new information disrupts the recall of old information.
  • Proactive interference occurs when old information disrupts the learning of new information.

Serial Position Effect

  • Serial Position Curve: memory recall pattern for list items.
  • The primacy effect: better recall of first items in a list.
  • The recency effect: better recall of last items in a list.

Amnesia

  • Anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories after an event.
  • Retrograde amnesia is the loss of memories formed before an event.
  • Scott Bolzan had anterograde amnesia but intact STM and implicit memory.
  • Clive Wearing had both anterograde and retrograde amnesia.

Memory Types

  • Long-Term Memory (LTM): memory storage for extended periods.
  • Short-Term Memory (STM): temporary storage for immediate information.
  • Explicit Memory: conscious recollection of facts and events.
  • Implicit Memory: unconscious memory for skills and tasks.

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