Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which behavior received more positive responses from parents when performed by boys compared to girls?
Which behavior received more positive responses from parents when performed by boys compared to girls?
In terms of parental responses, how did boys fare in activities typically associated with large motor skills?
In terms of parental responses, how did boys fare in activities typically associated with large motor skills?
What was the parental reaction when a child engaged in a same-sex preferred behavior?
What was the parental reaction when a child engaged in a same-sex preferred behavior?
What was the general pattern of parental responses to girls asking for help compared to boys?
What was the general pattern of parental responses to girls asking for help compared to boys?
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Which of the following reflects the parents' concern regarding sex-typing?
Which of the following reflects the parents' concern regarding sex-typing?
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What was the main finding of Martin & Halverson's 1983 study on gender stereotyping?
What was the main finding of Martin & Halverson's 1983 study on gender stereotyping?
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In the study by Martin & Halverson, how long after viewing the pictures were the children's memories tested?
In the study by Martin & Halverson, how long after viewing the pictures were the children's memories tested?
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What type of behavior did Fagot's research specifically observe in relation to gender-role development?
What type of behavior did Fagot's research specifically observe in relation to gender-role development?
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How many families were involved in Fagot's study on gender-role development?
How many families were involved in Fagot's study on gender-role development?
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What was the age range of the children observed in Fagot's study?
What was the age range of the children observed in Fagot's study?
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What method was used to establish inter-coder reliability in Fagot's study?
What method was used to establish inter-coder reliability in Fagot's study?
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What were the observers recording during each 60-minute observation in Fagot's study?
What were the observers recording during each 60-minute observation in Fagot's study?
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Which of the following best describes how parents may influence gender role behavior according to Fagot's research?
Which of the following best describes how parents may influence gender role behavior according to Fagot's research?
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Study Notes
Gender Stereotyping and Memory Distortion
- Study by Martin & Halverson (1983) investigated how gender stereotypes affect memory recall in 5- and 6-year-olds.
- Children viewed pictures of gender-consistent and gender-inconsistent activities.
- Recall was better for gender-consistent activities.
- When presented with gender-inconsistent activities, children often distorted the memories to fit gender stereotypes.
Parental Influence on Gender Role Development
- Fagot's research used naturalistic observation to explore parental influences on gender-role development.
- Sample comprised 24 families (12 boys, 12 girls) with 20-24 month old children.
- Families were white, varied in income, and included student parents.
- Five 60-minute observations per family over five weeks used time sampling (observations every 60 seconds).
- Inter-observer reliability was high (0.93 for children's behaviors, 0.83 for parental reactions).
- Parents were asked to rate behaviors as appropriate for girls, boys, or neutral.
Parental Responses to Gender-Related Behaviors
- Boys: More likely to be left alone by parents than girls. Received more positive reinforcement for block play than girls.
- Girls: Received more negative reinforcement for object manipulation than boys. Received more positive reinforcement for doll play than boys. Received more criticism for large motor activities (running/jumping). Received more positive reinforcement for asking for help than boys.
- Fathers: More concerned with appropriate sex-typing than mothers. Both parents perceived more behaviors as appropriate for girls only compared to boys only.
- Overall: Parents reacted more positively to same-sex-typical behaviors and negatively to cross-sex-typical behaviors. Girls who displayed adult-oriented/dependent behavior were given more positive responses.
- Unintentional Socialization: Parents often didn't recognize their gender-biased responses, as evidenced by the questionnaires where asking for help was not seen as a sex-typed behavior but positive responses were still heavily biased toward girls.
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Description
Explore the compelling findings from the study by Martin & Halverson (1983) on how gender stereotypes influence memory recall in young children. This quiz will test your understanding of the effects of gender-consistent and gender-inconsistent activities as well as the impact of parental influences on gender role development. Ideal for students studying psychology and child development.
